推荐回答(1个)
美国的MPAA,它的全称为"The Motion Picture Association of America "即"美国电影协会",总部设在加利福利(Encino,California )。这个组织成立于1922年,最初是作为电影工业的一个交易组织而出现的。如今它涉足的领域不仅有在影院上映的电影,还有电视`家庭摄影(home video)以及未来有可能会出现的其他传送系统领域。
MPAA在洛杉玑和华盛顿为它的成员服务。它的委员会的主要成员由也是MPAA的会员的美国最大的七家电影和电视传媒巨头的主席和总裁共同担任。他们是:
.迪斯尼公司(Walt Disney Company;)
.索尼声像(Sony Pictures Entertainment, Inc.;)
.Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc.;
.派拉蒙公司(Paramount Pictures Corporation;)
.21世纪福克斯公司(Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp.);
.环球影像(Universal Studios, Inc)
.华纳兄弟(Warner Bros. )
MPAA划分级别的主要依据是性、暴力、粗口、吸毒等内容在影片中被表现的尺度。不要误以为限制级影片就一定是色情片。许多内容干净的电影,由于思想灰暗不适合缺乏鉴别能力的未成年人,遭到严厉的定级。
MPAA分级制度如下:
G:GENERAL AUDIENCES,All ages admitted
(所有观众,适合所有年龄)
这种片子大多数是动画片和儿童片。
剧情片如《公主日记》。
PG:PARENTAL GUIDANCE SUGGESTED,Some material may not suitable for children
(建议父母指导儿童观看,有些内容可能不适合儿童)
这种片子基本没有性爱、吸毒场面,即使有也相当含蓄。暴力、血腥和粗口也被严加控制。
这个级别 只是“建议”, 并未设定年龄关卡,因此是制片商们喜闻乐见的级别,也是好莱坞大片最集中的级别,可谓老少皆宜。 惊险的如《佐罗传奇》,搞怪的如《僵尸新娘》,严肃的如《傲慢与偏见》。
PG-13:PARENTS STRONGLY CAUTIONED,Some material may inappropriate for children under 13
(向家长发出严重警告,有些内容可能对13岁以下儿童非常不合适)
去年的《哈立波特与火焰杯》因为在结尾处惟妙惟肖的表现了黑魔法仪式,断肢、杀人,被定为PG-13,引起轩然大波。当年的《大白鲨》努力想得到一个PG的定级,以招揽学生观众。MPAA认为简直是开玩笑,血染大海好几次不说,断胳膊断腿层出不穷,给个PG-13都是轻的。制片方死缠烂打,说我们只是想表现大自然本来的残酷,难道孩子看后会学鲨鱼在水里咬人吗?MPAA拗不过他们,最终就范。《大白鲨》是典型的擦边球,影片中有个人腿慢慢沉入海底的镜头,只要这个镜头再长半秒钟,或断腿触到海底反弹一下,MPAA就有理由认为这是在渲染血腥,坚持PG-13的定级。所以无论如何《大白鲨》能拿到PG都是个奇迹。
R:RESTRICKED,Under 17 requires accompanying parent or adult guardian
(限制级,17岁以下需要父母或监护人陪同观看)
处在这个级别的影片将含有较多、较直白的性爱、裸露、暴力、肆无忌惮的粗口。
比如《电锯惊魂》、《美国派》、《美国美人》等。去年非常被看好的《断背山》,就因为大胆的同性恋表露,得到了R级。这跟影片的品质没有任何的关系。
NC-17:NO ONE 17 AND UNDER ADMITTED
(17岁以下禁止观看)
基本上一部电影到了这个层面也就无所顾及了。清楚直接的性爱场面,吸毒大特写,足够编本字典的脏话连篇。像《猜火车》这样的以吸毒为主题的电影在美国也不过评个R级。贝托鲁奇的《戏梦巴黎》就是因为不肯剪去那些生殖器特写才被评为NC-17的。
X:呵呵,就是大家俗称的A片了
另补充几种特殊的分级:
· NR OR U:NR是属于未经定级的电影,而U是针对1968年以前的电影定的级。
· M,X OR P:这一级中的电影基本上不适合在大院线里公映,都属于限制类的。
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