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经过政治上的大分裂和各民族的大融合之后,隋和唐又建立起中央集权的统一的王朝。唐太宗李世民不仅对境内诸少数族采取兼容并包政策,成为前代汉族帝王所未有过的“天可汗”,而且对境外各国采取开放政策,极为有利于中外文化交流。有唐一代和外国在文化上的交流与相互影响,是中国历史上罕见的,以至于首都长安成为国际性城市。唐朝接受不少外国青年来长安学习,他们回国后传播唐文化,推动了本国各方面的发展,如日本的南渊请安、吉备真备(693~775)等。有的学生长期留在中国,出仕朝廷,如日本的朝衡(698~770)、新罗的崔致远等。留居唐朝的外国人后裔,如印度人后代瞿昙氏一族供职于司天台,大食人李彦升进士及第,四川“土生波斯”李珣作品被选入《花间集》并以词人著称,堪称文化交流的灿烂成果。来自缅甸的骠国乐舞,来自中亚石国、康国的胡腾舞、胡旋舞、柘枝舞等,都曾在长安表演。唐代僧人所制三十六字母,画家所用凹凸法,敦煌的壁画,唐代兴起的新文学体裁变文,以及其他许多方面,都看出印度的影响。印度医药著作和医术,在唐代也颇为流行。唐代中外贸易空前繁荣,横贯东西的陆上“丝绸之路”以外,海上“丝绸之路”也兴起。广州设有市舶司,不少波斯和大食商人聚集于广州、泉州和江浙沿海港口,山东沿海一带则多新罗商人活跃其间。宗教上的交流广泛而深入,尤其体现唐代对外的开放性。有名的高僧玄奘和义净到印度和南海诸国求法,翻译携回的经典,从事传播。他们的游方记录,成为研究这些国家的重要史料。印度僧人不空(705~774)等传入密宗,一度颇为兴盛,其影响遗留在后来的西藏与蒙古的佛教中。唐以后佛教在中国开始出现中国化的各种宗派,号称南朝时传入而实为中国本土形成的禅宗,也在这时繁荣起来。唐代在长安、洛阳等地有波斯及中亚商人信奉的祆祠,景教、摩尼教、伊斯兰教等各种不同信仰,也在这一时期先后传入中国。公元751年,高仙芝在怛逻斯战役中为大食所败,唐的战俘把造纸术传入撒马尔罕,以后经由大食传入欧洲,广泛流行,对世界文化的发展起了巨大作用。公元770年日本以雕版印刷佛教陀罗尼的作法,当亦源于中国(见雕版印刷术)。印刷术是中华民族对世界文化的又一贡献。中国的绫锦纺织技术,也于唐代传入阿拉伯国家。在大食留居十年的杜环,返国后留下了中国人最早关于伊斯兰教的记录。
国际间的文化交流,是促进交流双方或多方文化发展的重要动力,是解放生产力的有力的手段,是推动社会前进的动力,其意义极端重大
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