美国的种族主义组织的三K党到底是怎么一回事？

三K党

Ku Klux Klan

总述:

美国最悠久、最庞大的恐怖主义组织。Ku-Klux二字来源于希腊文KuKloo，意为集会。Klan是种族。因三个字头都是K，故称三K党。又称白色联盟和无形帝国。1865年创建于田纳西州的普拉斯基城。党旗呈三角形，黄底红边，上有一条黑龙。党员的制服是白外套和套在头部的白色垂胸布罩，给人一种神秘恐怖感。党员只限于生在美国的新教徒中的白种人。入党仪式在深夜举行。党纪非常严格，下属对上级必须绝对服从，相互联系只有纵向关系，党员必须保守党的机密。三K党的纲领表面上是“拥护宪法”，“维持法律和秩序”，“信仰基督”，实际上提倡“人种区别”，散布种族主义，主张剥夺黑人的基本权利。通过绑架、私刑、集体屠杀等非法恐怖手段迫害黑人或思想开明人士。1871年格兰特总统下令解散南方所有三K党。1915年佐治亚的西门斯上校重新恢复了三K党组织。第一次世界大战后三K 党空前发展，1924年达500万人。1940年三K党与德美同学会合并。第二次世界大战时三K党宣布解散。1944年4月公开恢复活动。战后三K党将矛头指向共产主义、进步人士和黑人群众，把天主教视为“可宽恕的对象”而不再反对。逐渐在加利福尼亚州、佛罗里达州取得合法地位，还在其他18个州大肆活动。三K党的附属组织有佐治亚州的哥伦比因会、纽约州的三K党骑士与妇女、联合美国之子会等。该党常与提倡种族歧视的一些法西斯组织交往，相互支持。但在大多数州得不到当局和公众的认可。

详细资料:

简介

三K党于1866年由南北战争中被击败的南方邦联军队的退伍老兵组成。在其发展初期，三K党的目标是在美国南部恢复民主党的势力，并反对由联邦军队在南方强制实行的改善旧有黑人奴隶待遇的政策。这个组织经常通过暴力来达成目的。1871年，尤里西斯·格兰特总统签发了三K党和执行法案，强行取缔了这个政治组织。

第二个使用这个名称的组织是在1915年由威廉·西蒙斯在亚特兰大附近的石头山顶建立的。这是一个营利性组织，其宗旨在于赢取白种新教徒对于黑人、罗马天主教徒、犹太人、亚裔及其他移民的相对优势地位。尽管这个组织宣扬种族主义，并且实施私刑和其他暴力行为，但是却在美国公开运作，并且在1920年代的巅峰时期拥有400万成员，其中包括在政府各级机关中的政治家。在经济大萧条时期，该组织的发展跌入了低谷，并且在第二次世界大战之中因为征兵或者志愿参军而损失了很多成员。

该组织的名字“Ku Klux Klan”也曾经被其他许多组织所使用，其中包括1960年代反对民权法案和鼓吹人种差别待遇的组织。在当今美国和其他国家，仍有数十个组织使用全部或者部分词语作为名称。
参考资料：http://baike.baidu.com/view/38040.htm

三K党

Ku Klux Klan

The first branch of the Ku Klux Klan was established in Pulaski, Tennessee, in May, 1866. A year later a general organization of local Klans was established in Nashville in April, 1867. Most of the leaders were former members of the Confederate Army and the first Grand Wizard was Nathan Forrest, an outstanding general during the American Civil War. During the next two years Klansmen wearing masks, white cardboard hats and draped in white sheets, tortured and killed black Americans and sympathetic whites. Immigrants, who they blamed for the election of Radical Republicans, were also targets of their hatred. Between 1868 and 1870 the Ku Klux Klan played an important role in restoring white rule in North Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia.

At first the main objective of white supremacy organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan, the White Brotherhood, the Men of Justice, the Constitutional Union Guards and the Knights of the White Camelia was to stop black people from voting. After white governments had been established in the South the Ku Klux Klan continued to undermine the power of blacks. Successful black businessmen were attacked and any attempt to form black protection groups such as trade unions was quickly dealt with.

Radical Republicans in Congress such as Benjamin Butler urged President Ulysses S. Grant to take action against the Ku Klux Klan. In 1870 he instigated an investigation into the organization and the following year a Grand Jury reported that: "There has existed since 1868, in many counties of the state, an organization known as the Ku Klux Klan, or Invisible Empire of the South, which embraces in its membership a large proportion of the white population of every profession and class. The Klan has a constitution and bylaws, which provides, among other things, that each member shall furnish himself with a pistol, a Ku Klux gown and a signal instrument. The operations of the Klan are executed in the night and are invariably directed against members of the Republican Party. The Klan is inflicting summary vengeance on the colored citizens of these citizens by breaking into their houses at the dead of night, dragging them from their beds, torturing them in the most inhuman manner, and in many instances murdering."

Congress passed the Ku Klux Act and it became law on 20th April, 1871. This gave the president the power to intervene in troubled states with the authority to suspend the writ of habeas corpus in countries where disturbances occurred. However, because its objective of white supremacy in the South had been achieved, the organization practically disappeared.

The Ku Klux Klan was reformed in 1915 by William J. Simmons, a preacher influenced by Thomas Dixon's book, The Ku Klux Klan (1905) and the film of the book, Birth of a Nation, directed by D.W. Griffith.

The National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) became the main opponent of the Ku Klux Klan. To show that the members of the organization would not be intimidated, it held its 1920 annual conference in Atlanta, considered at the time to be one of the most active Ku Klux Klan areas in America.

After the First World War the Ku Klux Klan also became extremely hostile to Jews, Roman Catholics, socialists, communists and anybody they identified as foreigners.

In November 1922 Hiram W. Evans became the Klan's Imperial Wizard. Under his leadership the organization grew rapidly and in the 1920s Klansmen were elected to positions of political power. This included state officials in Texas, Oklahoma, Indiana, Oregon and Maine. By 1925 membership reached 4,000,000. Even on the rare occasions they were arrested for serious crimes, Klansmen were unlikely to be convicted by local Southern juries.

After the conviction of the Klan leader, David C. Stephenson, for second-degree murder, and evidence of corruption by other members such as the governor of Indiana and the mayor of Indianapolis, membership fell to around 30,000. This trend continued during the Great Depression and the Second World War and in 1944 the organization. was disbanded.

In the 1950s the emergence of the Civil Rights Movement resulted in a revival in Ku Klux Klan organizations. The most of important of these was the White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan led by Robert Shelton. In the Deep South considerable pressure was put on blacks by klansmen not to vote. An example of this was the state of Mississippi. By 1960, 42% of the population were black but only 2% were registered to vote. Lynching was still employed as a method of terrorizing the local black population.

STRONG>三K党
Ku Klux Klan

   美国最悠久、最庞大的恐怖主义组织。Ku-Klux二字来源于希腊文KuKloo，意为集会。Klan是种族。因三个字头都是K，故称三K党。又称白色联盟和无形帝国。1865年创建于田纳西州的普拉斯基城。党旗呈三角形，黄底红边，上有一条黑龙。党员的制服是白外套和套在头部的白色垂胸布罩，给人一种神秘恐怖感。党员只限于生在美国的新教徒中的白种人。入党仪式在深夜举行。党纪非常严格，下属对上级必须绝对服从，相互联系只有纵向关系，党员必须保守党的机密。三K党的纲领表面上是“拥护宪法”，“维持法律和秩序”，“信仰基督”，实际上提倡“人种区别”，散布种族主义，主张剥夺黑人的基本权利。通过绑架、私刑、集体屠杀等非法恐怖手段迫害黑人或思想开明人士。1871年格兰特总统下令解散南方所有三K党。1915年佐治亚的西门斯上校重新恢复了三K党组织。第一次世界大战后三K 党空前发展，1924年达500万人。1940年三K党与德美同学会合并。第二次世界大战时三K党宣布解散。1944年4月公开恢复活动。战后三K党将矛头指向共产主义、进步人士和黑人群众，把天主教视为“可宽恕的对象”而不再反对。逐渐在加利福尼亚州、佛罗里达州取得合法地位，还在其他18个州大肆活动。三K党的附属组织有佐治亚州的哥伦比因会、纽约州的三K党骑士与妇女、联合美国之子会等。该党常与提倡种族歧视的一些法西斯组织交往，相互支持。但在大多数州得不到当局和公众的认ke