霍金是谁?他是一个大脑,一个神话,一个当代最杰出的理论物理学家,一个科学名义下的巨人……或许,他只是一个坐着轮椅,挑战命运的勇士。
智慧的大脑诞生了
史蒂芬·霍金,出生于1942年1月8日,这个时候他的家乡伦敦正笼罩在希特勒的狂轰滥炸中。
霍金和他的妹妹在伦敦附近的几个小镇度过了自己的童年。多年以后,他们的邻居回忆说,当霍金躺在摇篮车中时非常引人注目,他的头显得很大,异于常人———这多半是因为霍金现在的名声与成就远远异于常人,邻居不由自主地要在记忆里重新刻画一下天才儿童的形象。
不过霍金一家在古板保守的小镇上的确显得与众不同。霍金的父母都受过正规的大学教育。他的父亲是一位从事热带病研究的医学家,母亲则从事过许多职业。小镇的居民经常会惊异地看到霍金一家人驾驶着一辆破旧的二手车穿过街道奔向郊外——汽车在当时尚未进入英国市民家庭。然而这辆古怪的车子却拓展了霍金一家自由活动的天地。
霍金热衷于搞清楚一切事情的来龙去脉,因此当他看到一件新奇的东西时总喜欢把它拆开,把每个零件的结构都弄个明白——不过他往往很难再把它装回原样,因为他的手脚远不如头脑那样灵活,甚至写出来的字在班上也是有名的潦草。
霍金在17岁时进入牛津大学学习物理。他仍旧不是一个用功的学生,而这种态度与当时其他同学是一致的,这是战后出现的青年人迷惘时期——他们对一切厌倦,觉得没有任何值得努力追求的东西。霍金在学校里与同学们一同游荡、喝酒、参加赛船俱乐部,如果事情这样发展下去,那么他很可能成为一个庸庸碌碌的职员或教师。然而,病魔出现了。
病魔出现了
从童年时代起,运动从来就不是霍金的长项,几乎所有的球类活动他都不行。
到牛津的第三年,霍金注意到自己变得更笨拙了,有一两回没有任何原因地跌倒。一次,他不知何故从楼梯上突然跌下来,当即昏迷,差一点死去。
直到1962年霍金在剑桥读研究生后,他的母亲才注意到儿子的异常状况。刚过完21岁生日的霍金在医院里住了两个星期,经过各种各样的检查,他被确诊患上了“卢伽雷氏症”,即运动神经细胞萎缩症。
大夫对他说,他的身体会越来越不听使唤,只有心脏、肺和大脑还能运转,到最后,心和肺也会失效。霍金被“宣判”只剩两年的生命。那是在1963年。
起初,这种病恶化得相当迅速。这对霍金的打击是可想而知的,他几乎放弃了一切学习和研究,因为他认为自己不可能活到完成硕士论文的那一天。然而,一个女子出现了。
轮椅出现了
霍金的病情渐渐加重。1970年,在学术上声誉日隆的霍金已无法自己走动,他开始使用轮椅。直到今天,他再也没离开它。
永远坐进轮椅的霍金,极其顽强地工作和生活着。
1991年3月,霍金在一次坐轮椅回柏林公寓,过马路时被小汽车撞倒,左臂骨折,头被划破,缝了13针,但48小时后,他又回到办公室投入工作。
又有一次,他和友人去乡间别墅,上坡时拐弯过急,轮椅向后倾倒,不料这位引力大师却被地球引力翻倒在灌木丛中。
虽然身体的残疾日益严重,霍金却力图像普通人一样生活,完成自己所能做的任何事情。他甚至是活泼好动的——这听来有点好笑,在他已经完全无法移动之后,他仍然坚持用惟一可以活动的手指驱动着轮椅在前往办公室的路上“横冲直撞”;在莫斯科的饭店中,他建议大家来跳舞,他在大厅里转动轮椅的身影真是一大奇景;当他与查尔斯王子会晤时,旋转自己的轮椅来炫耀,结果轧到了查尔斯王子的脚趾头。
当然,霍金也尝到过“自由”行动的恶果,这位量子引力的大师级人物,多次在微弱的地球引力左右下,跌下轮椅,幸运的是,每一次他都顽强地重新“站”起来。
1985年,霍金动了一次穿气管手术,从此完全失去了说话的能力。他就是在这样的情况下,极其艰难地写出了著名的《时间简史》,探索着宇宙的起源。霍金取得巨大成功,但生活的现实取代了爱情的浪漫,他和简的婚姻走到了尽头。
来自直觉的启示:黑洞不黑
霍金的研究对象是宇宙,但他对观测天文从不感兴趣,只有几次用望远镜观测过。与传统的实验、观测等科学方法相比,霍金的方法是靠直觉。
“黑洞不黑”这一伟大成就就来源于一个闪念。在1970年11月的一个夜晚,霍金在慢慢爬上床时开始思考黑洞的问题。他突然意识到,黑洞应该是有温度的,这样它就会释放辐射。也就是说,黑洞其实并不那么黑。
这一闪念在经过3年的思考后形成了完整的理论。1973年11月,霍金正式向世界宣布,黑洞不断地辐射出X光、伽马射线等,这就是有名的“霍金辐射”。而在此之前,人们认为黑洞只吞不吐。
从宇宙大爆炸的奇点到黑洞辐射机制,霍金对量子宇宙论的发展做出了杰出的贡献。霍金获得1988年的沃尔夫物理奖。
畅销书之王:《时间简史》
霍金的科普著作《时间简史———从大爆炸到黑洞》在全世界的销量已经高达2500万册,从1988年出版以来一直雄踞畅销书榜,创下了畅销书的一个世界纪录。在这本书里,霍金力图以普通人能理解的方式来讲解黑洞、宇宙的起源和命运、黑洞和时间旅行等。
在《时间简史》一书的开头,霍金指出:“有人告诉我,我在书中每写一个方程式,都将使销量减半。于是我决定不写什么方程。不过在书的末尾,我还是写进一个方程,爱因斯坦的著名方程E=mc2。我希望此举不致吓跑一半我的潜在读者。”现在看来,霍金完全是多虑了。
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Stephen Hawking (Stephen Hawking) on January 8, 1942, born in Oxford, that day happens to be the death of Galileo 300 years. Probably because he was born in the era of the Second World War, especially fascinated by the model child. When his teenage model not only like to do aircraft and vessels, and alumni also produced many different types of war games, he studies and reflects the desire of manipulating things. This desire drove him taking doctoral degree, and black holes and cosmology in the study achieved a major success.
Hawking, 13, the four-year-old has been determined to be engaged in the study of physics and astronomy. 17-year-old that year, he test to the natural science scholarships, smooth enrolled in the University of Oxford. Bachelor Cambridge University after graduation to pursue his doctorate study cosmology. Soon he found himself suffering from muscle atrophy will lead to theLu Qielei disease. Since doctors are helpless in this disease, in the beginning of his intention to give up on the ideal, but then slowed down the pace condition deteriorated, he will regain feeling, overcome all difficulties, from the setback stand up and bravely face up to this unfortunate , continue to enthusiastically study.
The 1970s, he and Penrose odd that the famous theorem, and in 1988 shared Wolf Physics Prize. He also proved that the size of the black hole will not decrease with time. In 1973, he found that the black hole radiation temperature and its quality is inversely proportional, that is, the black hole because of radiation and smaller, but the temperature would rise, and there will be an explosion and disappeared.
The 1980s, he began to study quantum cosmology. At this time his actions have problems, due to pneumonia and had to accept wear tracheal surgery, so that he never again unable to speak. Now his body paralyzed, depend on electric wheelchair instead of feet, and not only speak and write depends on the computer and language synthesizer help, others have even read every page of paper for him to share in the table - and let him drive a wheelchair every page watch.
Hawking lifetime contribution in theoretical physics research, known as the current one of the most outstanding scientists. His works include "A Brief History of Time" and "baby black holes and the universe, as well as relevant articles." Although we all think he is very unfortunate, but he's achievements in science but in the disease after he received. With perseverance he will beat the disease, and created a miracle, it also proves that the disability is not the obstacle to success. His love of life and devotion to scientific research, the younger generation is learning.
http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/263156391.html?an=0&si=2
Stephen Hawking (Stephen Hawking) on January 8, 1942, born in Oxford, that day happens to be the death of Galileo 300 years. Probably because he was born in the era of the Second World War, especially fascinated by the model child. When his teenage model not only like to do aircraft and vessels, and alumni also produced many different types of war games, he studies and reflects the desire of manipulating things. This desire drove him taking doctoral degree, and black holes and cosmology in the study achieved a major success.
Hawking, 13, the four-year-old has been determined to be engaged in the study of physics and astronomy. 17-year-old that year, he test to the natural science scholarships, smooth enrolled in the University of Oxford. Bachelor Cambridge University after graduation to pursue his doctorate study cosmology. Soon he found himself suffering from muscle atrophy will lead to theLu Qielei disease. Since doctors are helpless in this disease, in the beginning of his intention to give up on the ideal, but then slowed down the pace condition deteriorated, he will regain feeling, overcome all difficulties, from the setback stand up and bravely face up to this unfortunate , continue to enthusiastically study.
The 1970s, he and Penrose odd that the famous theorem, and in 1988 shared Wolf Physics Prize. He also proved that the size of the black hole will not decrease with time. In 1973, he found that the black hole radiation temperature and its quality is inversely proportional, that is, the black hole because of radiation and smaller, but the temperature would rise, and there will be an explosion and disappeared.
The 1980s, he began to study quantum cosmology. At this time his actions have problems, due to pneumonia and had to accept wear tracheal surgery, so that he never again unable to speak. Now his body paralyzed, depend on electric wheelchair instead of feet, and not only speak and write depends on the computer and language synthesizer help, others have even read every page of paper for him to share in the table - and let him drive a wheelchair every page watch.
Hawking lifetime contribution in theoretical physics research, known as the current one of the most outstanding scientists. His works include "A Brief History of Time" and "baby black holes and the universe, as well as relevant articles." Although we all think he is very unfortunate, but he's achievements in science but in the disease after he received. With perseverance he will beat the disease, and created a miracle, it also proves that the disability is not the obstacle to success. His love of life and devotion to scientific research, the younger generation is learning.
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