推荐回答(5个)
王国维死后,陈寅恪在他的碑上题词写到:自由之精神,独立之人格。王国维是一位很有思想的学着,更可以说它是一名思想家。当时中国就社会社会动荡,思想动荡,什么都处于不稳定状态。特别是作为有思想的学者,他们就更容易感慨时局。他的自尽,我认为是从内心中不能适应社会太大的变化而发生的。这也是很多人都有的情况,有热情,有爱国情怀,有思想的人就更容易有矛盾心理。现实动乱,思想混乱的社会,看什么什么不入眼,看啥啥纠结。
现在的社会也是出于一种思想混乱时期,什么各种各样的价值观都冲了进来。你看到别人做错了事,尽管你心里认为这样不对,你也没有一种语言来反驳他,因为他有他的道理,你有你的道理,结果是,道理太多,造成了社会混乱。我们也不知道什么是对的,什么是错的了。
王国维1927年的初夏,阴历五月初三投颐和园昆明湖自尽,死后从他身上,翻出一纸遗书,上有“五十之年,只欠一死,经此世变,义无再辱”等字样。有人说,他这个“辱”,为死殉清廷,效忠逊帝;也有人说,他这个“辱”,与他亲家罗振玉有些什么纠葛。但不管什么缘由,当时及后来,都认为不值得。
对王国维死因,其亲属自始至终讳莫如深。而后世臆测大致又分几种:
“殉清”说
王国维为清朝遗老,更对逊帝溥仪向有国士知遇之感——王国维以秀才身份,被溥仪破大清“南书房行走”须翰林院甲科出身的旧制,召其直入“南书房”——有此思想基础和遗老心态,逢“覆巢”之将再,以自杀而“完节”似乎也是情理之中。所以梁启超以伯夷、叔齐不食周粟而比之,当时的清华校长曹云祥和罗振玉、吴宓等均持此说。鲁迅在《谈所谓“大内档案”》一文中,称王“在水里将遗老生活结束”,可见也为此论。但反对此说者认为,王国维与罗振玉、郑孝胥、陈宝琛辈有别,郑等效命清室复辟,不惜委身于日本政客。而王国维却领清华职,心无旁骛,潜心学术。他虽“忠清”,却不充其鹰犬,以至“愚忠”至“殉清”程度。所以当时就有人说:“你看他那身边的遗嘱,何尝有一个抬头空格的字?殉节的人岂是这样子的?”
“逼债”说
当年溥仪在其《我的前半生》中说:内务府大臣绍英委托王代售宫内字画,事被罗振玉知悉,罗以代卖为名将画取走,并以售画所得抵王国维欠他债务,致使王无法向绍英交待,遂愧而觅死。当时报纸还传,王曾与罗合作做生意亏本,欠罗巨债。罗在女婿(王长子潜明)死后,罗、王已生隙,罗令女居己家为夫守节,逼王每年供其生活费2000元。王国维一介书生,债务在身,羞愤交集,便萌生短见。此说经郭沫若先生笔播,几成定论。但从王遗书对后事的安排看和事后其它一些证据表明,王国维生前并无重债足以致其自尽。
“惊惧”说
1927年春,北伐军进逼北方,而冯、阎两军易帜,京师震动。有人认为,王国维自杀是怕自己这个前清遗老落入北伐军手中,蒙受耻辱;又王视脑后辫子为生命,当时传言北伐军入城后将尽诛留有发辫者,所以与其被辱,莫若自我了断。但这种说当时即多有人鄙而不取,以为不合王国维立身处世方式。
“谏阻”说
认为王国维投湖与屈原投江相类,是以“尸谏”劝阻溥仪听从罗振玉等人主意,有东渡日本避难打算,并认为王、罗两人最后决裂的原因也缘于此因。
“文化殉节”说
与王国维同为清华导师,且精神相通、过从甚密的陈寅恪先是以“殉清
”论王之死,后又认为:“凡一种文化值衰落之时,为此文化所化之人必感苦痛,其表现此文化之程量愈宏,则其所受之苦痛亦愈甚;迨既达极深之度,殆非出于自杀无以求一己之心安而义尽也。”“盖今日之赤县神州值数千年未有之巨劫奇变,劫尽变穷,则此文化精神所凝聚之人安得不与之共命而同尽,此观堂先生所以不得不死,遂为天下后世所极哀而深惜者也”。陈寅恪的诠释在同类者中立即得到共鸣,并在文化界产生重要影响。但陈之观点,与其说是对王国维之死的解释,不如说是他以自己的一种心态来观照王国维的精神。
“诸因素”
以一遗民绝望于清室的覆亡,以一学者绝望于一种文化的式微,一介书生又生无所据——当王国维徘徊于颐和园长廊,回想起“自沉者能于一刹那间重温其一生之阅历”的箴言,遂“奋身一跃于鱼藻轩前”。也许,这就是王国维自沉之“谜底”。
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