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魔戒2双塔奇兵评The Two Towers英文影评(2002)

In more than 100 years of motion pictures, few cinematic campaigns of this magnitude have been mounted. Not only has Jackson faced the daunting task of creating and populating an entirely new world based on Tolkien's blueprint, but he has contended with the real-word rigors of a two-year shooting schedule and an initially nervous group of purse string holders.The popular and critical success of The Fellowship of the Ring vindicated Jackson's perseverance. Nevertheless, even as the Oscar nominations came pouring in, the director was moving on. The plaudits heaped upon the first installment would lose their luster if either of the succeeding episodes, The Two Towers and The Return of the King, failed to live up to expectations. And, considering the high ground occupied by The Fellowship of the Ring, the bar would be at an astronomical altitude for the other movies.

I ABOUT THE AUTHOR

John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was born on January 3, 1892, in Bloemfontein, South Africa, where his father was a bank manager. After his father’s death, Ronald, then aged four, his mother, and younger brother moved to the English village of Sarehole, in the West Midlands. Thereafter, Tolkien always retained an idealized image of the Sarehole Mill, its old mill pool and overhanging willow tree, a tempting nearby mushroom patch, and the local clusters of cottages—all of which figured in his picture of Hobbiton. At this time young Ronald was already discovering two interests that were to shape his life: languages and stories about imaginary places. When his mother moved the family to Birmingham, the urban atmosphere with its trains and factories was much more forbidding and he later encouraged people to "escape" from such environments through imaginative literature.

During his years at King Edward's school in Birmingham and later at Oxford University, Tolkien concentrated on philology, moving from languages such as Latin, Greek, German, and French, to Old and Middle English, Gothic, Old Norse, Welsh, and Finnish. During his childhood Tolkien had started "making up" languages and as an undergraduate at Oxford he continued this practice, evolving from Finnish and Welsh what eventually became the languages of the elves in Middle Earth. His work with the signal corps of the British army from 1916 to 1918 during World War I stretched his linguistic talents in a different direction.

After the war Tolkien worked briefly on the Oxford English Dictionary, before moving into the profession in which he was to spend the rest of his life: teaching. He was first invited to join the English department at Leeds University; five years later he became a professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford, a position he held for 34 years. At Oxford he did much to demonstrate the strong bonds between what had been two rival fields: language and literature. Among his academic works medievalists have consistently praised his translation of the Middle English poetic romance Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and the posthumously published translations of The Pearl and Sir Orfeo. It is significant that the most prominent of his many studies in Anglo-Saxon literature should be his published lecture on "Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics" (1936). As a child Tolkien had loved dragon stories and the anonymous Anglo-Saxon Beowulf-poet created one of the greatest dragons of literature, a model for Tolkien's treasure-loving dragons in The Hobbit and Farmer Giles of Ham, as well as his creation of malice and terror, Glaurung of The Silmarillion.

Throughout his life, Tolkien was drawn to the challenge of creating an imagined world and mythology. In the 1920s, while he was busy with his teaching career, he was also playfully creating "fairy-stories" to entertain his children. It was for them that The Hobbit evolved, episode by episode. When they grew out of listening to stories, Tolkien's motivation to create them stopped, and so did Bilbo's quest. It was not until 1937 that Tolkien completed the novel. The overwhelming popularity of The Hobbit led his publisher to request another book about hobbits. Tolkien began a sequel almost immediately, but The Fellowship of the Ring, the first part of The Lord of the Rings trilogy, did not see print until 1954, 17 years after he had written the first chapter.

The world of Middle Earth came to full form in The Lord of the Rings trilogy, but its underlying mythology continued to grow throughout Tolkien's life. After his retirement from Oxford in 1959 he concentrated on preparing for publication manuscripts that went back as far as his schoolboy song about Earendil (1914). Up until his death on September 2, 1973, he was still revising—and re-revising—the manuscripts, which were finally edited and published by his son Christopher in The Silmarillion (1977). Tolkien's own absorption in these myths is reflected by the inscriptions on his and his wife's gravestones: "Beren" and "Luthien", the names of the human-elven couple from whom the great lines of Middle Earth descend.