紫色土壤的成因

2024-12-02 15:18:45
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

紫色土(purplish soil)
发育于亚热带地区石灰性紫色砂页岩母质土壤。全剖面呈均一的紫色或紫红色,层次不明显。主要分布在中国的亚热带地区,以四川盆地为主。紫色土是在频繁的风化作用和侵蚀作用下形成的,其过程特点是:物理风化强烈、化学风化微弱、石灰开始淋溶。紫色土土层浅薄,通常不到50厘米,超过1米者甚少 。一般含碳酸钙 ,呈中性或微碱性反应。有机质含量低,磷、钾丰富。由于紫色土母岩松疏,易于崩解,矿质养分含量丰富,肥力较高,是中国南方重要旱作土壤之一,除丘陵顶部或陡坡岩坎外,均已开垦种植。因侵蚀和干旱缺水现象时有发生,利用时需修建梯田和蓄水池,开发灌溉水源。开辟肥源以增加土壤有机质和氮的含量,也是提高其生产力的重要措施。
紫红色岩层上发育的土壤。以四川盆地分布最广,在南方诸省盆地中零星分布。紫色土有机质含量 1.0%左右,其发育程度较同地区的红、黄壤为迟缓,尚不具脱硅富铝化特征,属化学风化微弱的土壤,呈中性至微碱性反应,pH值为7.5~8.5,石灰含量随母质而异,盐基饱和度达80~90%。紫色土矿质养分丰富,在四川盆地的丘陵地区中为较肥沃土壤,其农业利用价值很高。利用中需防止水土流失和注意蓄水灌溉、增施有机肥料、合理轮作等。 石灰(岩)土 发育在石灰岩上的岩成土。在中国热带和亚热带湿润地区,凡有石灰岩出露之地均有分布,但主要分布于广西、贵州和云南境内。在石灰岩体出露的喀斯特地区多形成较为年幼的石灰(岩)土。石灰(岩)土的植被多为喜钙植物如蕨类、五节芒、白茅等。这类植物的有机质成为石灰土腐殖化作用的物质基础。石灰(岩)土可分为黑色石灰土、棕色石灰土和红色石灰土。①黑色石灰土,有机质含量丰富,呈良好团粒结构,土色暗黑,中性至碱性反应(pH6.5~8.0),土层厚薄不一。②棕色石灰土,常见于山麓坡地,色棕粘重,不均质石灰反应。③ 红色石灰土,土色鲜红,剖面上部多无石灰反应,表土pH6.5,心土7.0~7.5。 磷质石灰土 分布于中国南海的东沙、西沙、中沙和南沙群岛。由于岛屿地处热带,大都由珊瑚礁构成。磷质石灰土即于珊瑚礁磐基础上发育而成,成土母质为珊瑚灰岩或珊瑚、贝壳机械粉碎的细砂。在海岛上的细砂表面聚积了大量富含磷质和有机质的海鸟粪,形成富含磷质的石灰性土壤。表层有机质含量可高达12%以上,全磷量26~32%。成为富含有机质的天然磷肥资源。
紫色土分为酸性紫色土、中性紫色土和石灰性紫色土3个亚类。
酸性紫色土分布在长江以南和四川盆地广大低山丘陵。土壤有机质、全氮含量相对较高,磷、钾稍低。土壤呈酸性,pH小于5.5,盐基饱和度较低。
中性紫色土主要分布在四川、云南,土层较酸性紫色土薄,约30至60cm,碳酸钙含量小于30g/kg,pH值约为7.5,肥力水平较高,但有机质、氮、磷稍显不足。
石灰性紫色土主要分布在四川盆地及滇中等地,土质疏松,碳酸钙含量大于6%,土壤有机质在10g/kg左右,氮、磷低,锌、硼严重缺乏,土体浅薄,保水抗旱能力差。

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