用英语介绍爱因斯坦重要的贡献,带上翻译

爱因斯坦的贡献 物质不灭定律，说的是物质的质量不灭；能量守恒定律，说的是物质的能量守恒。 虽然这两条伟大的定律相继被人们发现了，但是人们以为这是两个风马牛不相关的定律，各自说明了不同的自然规律。甚至有人以为，物质不灭定律是一条化学定律，能量守恒定律是一条物理定律，它们分属于不同的科学范畴。 然而，在1905年，一个年仅26岁的德国物理学家接连在德国《物理学》杂志上发表了5篇论文，从一个崭新的高度，揭示了物质不灭定律和能量守恒定律的本质及其相互关系。 这个年轻的科学家，就是阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。 爱因斯坦是犹太人。他小时候，并没有显示什么天才的象征，他甚至一直到3岁才开始学会说话。 在上学的时候，爱因斯坦很喜欢读圣经，真心诚意地相信圣经上所讲述故事都是真实的。然而，他后来读了许多科学著作之后，就转为相信科学，认为圣经上所讲的故事是荒诞的。在大学里，爱因斯坦深深地爱上了物理学。他非常勤奋，常常沉醉于物理实验而忘了吃饭。爱因斯坦的数学造诣也很深，他认为现代物理学不用数学武装自己的头脑，是无法攻克物理学上的难题的。 爱因斯坦喜欢独立思考。对于任何一种理论，他总是经过一番思索之后，觉得它确有道理，这才接受下来。 爱因斯坦大学毕业后，很想在大学里担任教师，从事科学研究，可是由于他是犹太人，受到歧视，不能留校工作。他经过别人介绍，才好不容易在一个专利局里找到工作，当个职员。在那里，既没有图书馆，也没有实验室。然而，艰苦的环境更能磨练一个人的意志。就在那小小的专利局宿舍里，爱因斯坦经常工作到深夜。 在1905年，爱因斯坦创立了著名的“狭义相对论”[56]。爱因斯坦认为，物质的质量是惯性的量度，能量是运动的量度；能量与质量并不是彼此孤立的，而是互相联系的，不可分割的。物体质量的改变，会使能量发生相应的改变；而物体能量的改变，也会使质量发生相应的改变。 在狭义相对论中，爱因斯坦提出了著名的质能关系公式： E＝mc2 这里的E代表物体的能量，m代表物体的质量，c代表光的速度，即每秒30万公里。 按照爱因斯坦的理论，如果把1克温度为0℃的水，加热到100℃水吸收了100卡的热量，这时水的质量也相应增加了。按照质能关系公式计算，1克水的质量增加了0.00000000000465克。 爱因斯坦的理论，最初受到许多人的反对，就连当时一些著名物理学家也对这位年青人的论文表示怀疑。然而，随着科学的发展，大量的科学实验证明爱因斯坦的理论是正确的，爱因斯坦才一跃而成为世界著名的科学家，成为20世纪世界最伟大的科学家之一。 爱因斯坦的质能关系公式，正确地解释了各种原子核反应：就拿氦4来说，它的原子核是由2个质子和2个中子组成的。照理，氦4原子核的质量就等于2个质子和2个中子质量之和。实际上，这样的算术并不成立，氦核的质量比2个质子、2个中子质量之和少了0.0302原子质量单位[57]！这是为什么呢？因为当2个氘[dao]核（每个氘核都含有1个质子、1个中子）聚合成1个氦4原子核时，释放出大量的原子能。生成1克氦4原子时，大约放出2700000000000焦耳的原子能。正因为这样，氦4原子核的质量减少了。 这个例子生动地说明：在2个氘原子核聚合成1个氦原子核时，似乎质量并不守恒，也就是氦4原子核的质量并不等于2个氘核质量之和。然而，用质能关系公式计算，氦4原子核失去的质量，恰巧等于因反应时释放出原子能而减少的质量！ 这样一来，爱因斯坦就从更新的高度，阐明了物质不灭定律和能量守恒定律的实质，指出了这两条定律之间的密切关系，使人类对大自然的认识又深化了一步。 没有什么大自然的奥秘，是人类所不能认识的；但是，大自然的奥秘又是无穷无尽的。人类永远没有一天完全认识得了大自然，没有一天可以完全知道它的奥秘。只有永不知足，才能不断前进。 物质不灭定律和能量守恒定律，是自然界的伟大定律。它来自客观实际，又在客观实际中久经考验。多少年来，这两条定律经受了千万次考验，象经得起风吹雨打的宝石一样，闪耀着夺目的光芒。 物质不灭定律和能量守恒定律，已经成为现代自然科学的基石，同时，它也从根本上给宗教的唯心主义观点以致命的打击，因为物质是不能凭空创造的，也不能凭空消灭，所以谁也不再相信什么上帝创造万物，上帝创造世界的反科学的谬论了。另外，它还雄辩地说明，世界上永远不会有“永动机”。想不花费劳动就从大自然中获取能源，是不可能的 定律是客观存在着的。人，虽然不能去“创造”定律，“改造”定律，但是，人可以去发现定律，掌握定律，利用定律。现在，物质不灭宣告和能量守恒守律已经被千百万人所掌握。人们正在利用物质不灭定律和能量守恒定律，去征服自然，改造自然，揭开大自然的秘密Einstein's contribution to the law of conservation of matter, said the quality
of the material is immortal; the law of conservation of energy, said that the
material is energy conservation. Although these two great laws have been found,
but people think this is two not related to Irish bull law, each of the
different laws of nature. Some people even thought, the law of conservation of
matter is a chemical law, energy conservation law is a law of physics, they
belong to different category of science. However, in 1905, a 26 year old German
physicist, one after another in Germany "physics" magazine published 5 papers,
from a new height, reveals the essential law of conservation of mass and energy
conservation laws and their relationship. The young scientist, Albert Einstein.
Einstein was Jewish. When he was small, and no symbolic display what genius, he
even has to begin to learn to speak at the age of 3. In school, Einstein likes
to read the Bible, wholeheartedly believe that tells the story of the Bible is
true. However, he later read many scientific works, to believe in science, think
about the Bible is absurd. In the University, Einstein was deeply in love with
physics. He is very diligent, often indulge in physical experiment and forgot to
eat. The mathematical accomplishments Einstein is also very deep, he believes
that modern physics without mathematical arm our minds, is unable to overcome
the problem of physics. Einstein likes to think independently. For any kind of
theory, he is always after a lot of thought, think there is some truth in it,
this just accepted. Einstein after graduation from the University, want to work
as teachers in the University, engaged in scientific research, but because he
was a Jew, discrimination, not staying in work. After he was introduced to
others, just not easy to find work in a patent office as a clerk. There, neither
the library, no laboratory. However, the hard environment can temper one's will.
In that small Patent Bureau dormitory, Einstein often worked late into the
night. In 1905, Einstein founded the famous "theory of relativity" [56].
Einstein thinks, the material quality is a measure of inertia, energy is a
measure of motion; energy and mass are not isolated, but interrelated,
inseparable. Mass change, will make the energy change; while the energy of the
body change, also can make the quality change. In the special theory of
relativity, Einstein proposed the famous mass energy relation formula: E = MC2
where E represents the object energy, M represents the mass of an object, C
represents the speed of light, which is 300000 kilometers per second. According
to Einstein's theory, if the 1 grams of temperature is 0 ℃ water, heated to 100
℃ water absorption of 100 calories, then the quality of the water also increases
accordingly. In accordance with the mass energy relation formula, 1 grams of
water quality increased 0.00000000000465 grams. Einstein's theory, initially
opposed by many people, even when some famous physicists of the young people of
doubt. However, with the development of science, a large number of scientific
experiments to prove that Einstein's theory is correct, Einstein was to become a
world famous scientist, has become one of the greatest scientists in the world
in twentieth Century. Einstein's mass energy relation formula, the correct
interpretation of the various nuclear reactions: take helium 4, its nucleus is
composed of 2 protons and 2 neutrons. Normally, 4 helium nuclei of quality is
equal to 2 protons and 2 neutrons and the quality of. In fact, this arithmetic
is not established, the quality of nuclear helium than 2 protons, 2 neutrons and
the quality of fewer 0.0302 atomic mass units [57]! This is why? Because when 2
deuterium nuclear [dao] (each deuteron contains 1 protons, 1 neutrons)
polymerization into 1 4 helium nuclei, releasing a large number of atomic
energy. Generation 1 g atom of helium 4, about 2700000000000 joules atomic
energy release. Because of this, 4 helium nuclei of quality decreased. A vivid
example of this: in 2 deuterium nuclei polymerization 1 helium nuclei, it seems
quality is not conservation, is 4 helium nuclei of quality is not equal to 2 of
the deuteron and quality. However, with mass energy relation formula, 4 helium
nuclei lost quality, quality equivalent to happen because of the reaction of
atomic energy and reduce the release of! In this way, Einstein update from the
height, the essence of the law of conservation of matter and energy conservation
law, and points out the close relationship between these two laws, the nature
and to deepen understanding of the first step in human. Not what the secret of
nature, not by human understanding; however, the secret of nature is
inexhaustible. Mankind will never completely understand the day got nature, not
a day can be fully aware of its mysteries. Only the insatiable, make progress.
Material eternal law and the law of conservation of energy, is the great law of
nature. It comes from the objective reality, and in objective reality and
tested. For many years, the two law has thousands of test stand, like gems like
expose to wind and rain, shine brilliantly. Material eternal law and the law of
conservation of energy, has become the cornerstone of modern natural science, at
the same time, it is also fundamental to religion from idealism to a fatal blow,
because material is not created out of thin air, also can't just kill, so nobody
will believe what God created all things, God created the world anti science the
fallacy. In addition, it also has proved, the world will never have a "perpetual
motion machine". Do not want to spend labor obtain energy from nature, it is
impossible there is an objective law of the. People, although not to "create"
law, "reform" law, however, people can go to that law, master of law, the law
of. Now, material immortal declaration and the energy conservation law has been
mastered by millions of people. People are using the law of conservation of
matter and energy conservation law, to conquer nature, transform nature,
revealing the secrets of nature