高分求用英文介绍孔子的短文。

Kong Qiu (孔丘), as Confucius is commonly known, is a combination of his surname (孔) and his given name (丘), and he was also known as Zhong Ni (仲尼), which is his courtesy name. He was born in 551 BC in the Lu state[9] (This state was in the south of modern-day Shandong Province) in the later days of the Spring and Autumn Period. Confucius was from a warrior family. His father Shulianghe (叔梁纥) was a famous warrior who had military exploits in two battles and owned a fiefdom. Confucius lost his father when he was three years old, and then his mother Yan Zhengzai (颜徵在) took him and left the fiefdom because as a concubine (妾), she wanted to avoid mistreatment from Shulianghe's formal wife. Thus, Confucius lived in poverty with his mother since childhood. With the support and encouragement of his mother, Confucius was very diligent in his studies. When Confucius was seventeen years old, his mother died as a result of illness and overwork. Three years later, Confucius married a young woman who was from the Qiguan family (亓官氏) of the [[Song (state)|Song state (宋)]]. Though he had a mild tempered wife who loved him, he left his family to strive for his ideals. Confucius sought to revive the perfect virtue of Huaxia (Chinese civilization) and the classical properties of the Western Zhou Dynasty to build a great, harmonious and humanistic society.

In the Analects (论语), Confucius presents himself as a "transmitter who invented nothing".[7] He puts the greatest emphasis on the importance of study,[10][11] and it is the Chinese character for study (or learning) that opens the text. In this respect, he is seen by Chinese people as the Greatest Master.[12] Far from trying to build a systematic theory of life and society or establish a formalism of rites, he wanted his disciples to think deeply for themselves and relentlessly study the outside world,[13] mostly through the old scriptures and by relating the moral problems of the present to past political events (like the Annals) or past expressions of feelings by common people and reflective members of the elite, preserved in the poems of the Book of Odes (诗经).[14][15]

In times of division, chaos, and endless wars between feudal states, he wanted to restore the Mandate of Heaven (天命) that could unify the "world" (天下, "all under Heaven") and bestow peace and prosperity on the people.[16] Because his vision of personal and social perfections was framed as a revival of the ordered society of earlier times, Confucius is often considered a great proponent of conservatism, but a closer look at what he proposes often shows that he used (and perhaps twisted) past institutions and rites to push a new political agenda of his own: a revival of a unified royal state, whose rulers would succeed to power on the basis of their moral merits instead of lineage;[17][18] these would be rulers devoted to their people, striving for personal and social perfection.[19] Such a ruler would spread his own virtues to the people instead of imposing proper behavior with laws and rules.[20]

One of the deepest teachings of Confucius may have been the superiority of personal exemplification over explicit rules of behavior. His moral teachings emphasized self-cultivation, emulation of moral exemplars, and the attainment of skilled judgment rather than knowledge of rules, Confucius's ethics may be considered a type of virtue ethics. His teachings rarely rely on reasoned argument, and ethical ideals and methods are conveyed more indirectly, through allusions, innuendo, and even tautology. This is why his teachings need to be examined and put into proper context in order to be understood.[21][22] A good example is found in this famous anecdote:

厩焚。子退朝，曰：“伤人乎？” 不问马。
When the stables were burnt down, on returning from court, Confucius said, 'Was anyone hurt?' He did not ask about the horses.
Analects X.11, tr. Arthur Waley
The passage conveys the lesson that by not asking about the horses, Confucius demonstrated that a sage values human beings over property; readers of this lesson are led to reflect on whether their response would follow Confucius's, and to pursue ethical self-improvement if it would not. Confucius, an exemplar of human excellence, serves as the ultimate model, rather than a deity or a universally true set of abstract principles. For these reasons, according to many Eastern and Western commentators, Confucius's teaching may be considered a Chinese example of humanism.[23]

Perhaps his most famous teaching was the Golden Rule stated in the negative form, often called the Silver Rule:

子贡问曰：“有一言而可以终身行之者乎”？子曰：“其恕乎！己所不欲、勿施於人。”
Zi gong (a disciple of Confucius) asked: "Is there any one word that could guide a person throughout life?"
The Master replied: "How about 'shu' [reciprocity]: never impose on others what you would not choose for yourself?"
Analects XV.24, tr. David Hinton
Confucius's teachings were later turned into an elaborate set of rules and practices by his numerous disciples and followers who organized his teachings into the Analects. In the centuries after his death, Mencius (孟子)[24] and Xun Zi (荀子)[25] both composed important teachings elaborating in different ways on the fundamental ideas associated with Confucius. In time, their writings, together with the Analects and other core texts came to constitute the philosophical corpus known in the West as Confucianism. After more than a thousand years, the scholar Zhu Xi (朱熹) created a very different interpretation of Confucianism which is now called Neo-Confucianism, to distinguish it from the ideas expressed in the Analects. Neo-Confucianism held sway in China,

Confucius's father told Ge, word uncle liang, is a small attaches 481b.c position, he is strong. Once, several governors to smite a call forced state Yang (now in shandong Yi county south) small, lu also attended. Holes in the army Ge 481b.c. When they scored advocating manufactory, ShouCheng man put a gate down, first into the city's team was partition in town see again, at this moment the hole Ge but with handed the gate a lift, set off, first into the city's army was able to completely back. This happened during the year 563 B.C., from Confucius was born and twelve years sonar (1). And once, hole Ge and other two 481b.c generals, and three hundred warrior, beat back the qi of depressions. This happened in in 556 BC, only 5 years (from Confucius was born. This is what we are just know about Confucius father's deeds. Confucius's mother's maiden name, that features in intensive. When the hole Ge marry her, she is very young, but Ge has holes on the old (3). Their marriage is not after the then social traffic on the complete formalities, therefore suffered social put-downs. ... According to shi-ji Confucius family "account, Confucius ancestors are shells seed. Week after ZhouChengWang sealing, destroy shang shang shang, zhou's ordinary elder brother, loyalty is the MingChen micro son rev in song dynasty. Previously the shangqiu (now henan shangqiu area). Micro son rev died, his brother micro para-ammonium style-came, slightly para-ammonium namely for the ancestors of Confucius. Since Confucius ShiZu KongFu jia after six, offspring start with the hole, its name for preventing great-grandfather hole in order to escape from song domestic tert-butyl disorderly, from 475-221 B.C. fled to 481b.c. Confucius's father uncle liang Ge (uncle beam for words, Ge name) is lu famous warriors, uncle liang Ge first married ShiShi, born nine women, and none of his concubine born a son meng skin, but it had foot disease. In the situation, women and disability son shoulds not be's surname. Uncle liang Ge senectitude and young woman YanShi gave birth to Confucius. Due to the mother had to Confucius nehemiah prayed, and then wiles QiuShan Confucius, and because under KongZiGang birth among the overhead, like that QiuShan concave, Halls mound, word ZhongNi (lasalle for the second meaning, uncle liang Ge firstborn for meng skin, meng as the first meaning). Confucius age three, uncle liang Ge in 2002, after, Confucius family quite poor. For various reasons, Confucius politically without excessive as, but in governance 481b.c three months, it serves to Confucius is worthy of distinguished statesmen of the title. Political not satisfied, make Confucius can be used in a large part of the energy education career. Confucius served with disciple, after SiKou 481b.c travel around ten years before finally return to 481b.c and concentrate on the coach. Confucius broke, creating a private education monopoly pioneer. Confucius' disciple as many as three thousand, including sages 72 bits, many of them are senior beams for all countries.
孔子的父亲叫纥，字叔梁，是鲁国一个职位不大的武官，他很有力气。有一次，几个诸侯国家去攻打一个叫逼阳（在现在山东峄县南）的小国，鲁国也参加了。孔纥就在鲁国的军队中。当他们攻入倡阳城的时候，守城的人把一种闸门放了下来，先入城的队伍眼看就被隔断在城里了，这时孔纥却用双手把闸门一掀，掀起来了，先入城的军队才得以完全退出来。这事发生在公元前563年，离孔子出生还有十二年呐①。又有一次，孔纥和其他两个鲁国将领，率领三百武士，打退了齐国的侵扰。这事发生在公元前556年，离孔子出生只有五年②。这就是我们所仅仅知道的关于孔子父亲的事迹了。 孔子的母亲姓颜，叫徵在。当孔纥和她结婚的时候，她还很年轻，可是孔纥已经上了岁数了③。他们的结婚是没有经过当时社会上所通行的完备手续的，因此遭到了社会上的奚落。 …… 据《史记·孔子世家》记载，孔子的祖先本是殷商后裔。周灭商后，周成王封商纣王的庶兄，商朝忠正的名臣微子启于宋。 建都商丘（今河南商丘一带）。微子启死后，其弟微仲即位，微仲即为孔子的先祖。自孔子的六世祖孔父嘉之后，后代子孙开始以孔为姓，其曾祖父孔防叔为了逃避宋国内乱，从宋国逃到了鲁国。孔子的父亲叔梁纥（叔梁为字，纥为名）是鲁国出名的勇士，叔梁纥先娶施氏，生九女而无一子，其妾生一子孟皮，但有足疾。在当时的情况下，女子和残疾的儿子都不宜继嗣。叔梁纥晚年与年轻女子颜氏生下孔子。由于孔子的母亲曾去尼丘山祈祷，然后怀下孔子，又因孔子刚出生时头顶的中间凹下，像尼丘山；故起名为丘，字仲尼（仲为第二的意思，叔梁纥的长子为孟皮，孟为第一的意思）。孔子三岁的时候，叔梁纥病逝，之后，孔子的家境相当贫寒。由于种种原因，孔子在政治上没有过大的作为，但在治理鲁国的三个月中，足见孔子无愧于杰出政治家的称号。政治上的不得意，使孔子可将很大一部分精力用在教育事业上。孔子曾任鲁国司寇，后携弟子周游列国十四年，最终返回鲁国，专心执教。孔子打破了教育垄断，开创了私学先驱。孔子弟子多达三千人，其中贤人72位，其中有很多皆为各国高官栋梁。