明清时期科技停滞时期，西方科技大发展时期，两者之间原因是什么，历史题
推荐回答（2个）
一.统治者对科技发展重视不够明清时期，特别是明朝中期以后，中国封建专制制度日益没落、腐朽。统治者以“天朝上国”自居，盲目地妄自尊大，他们对西方逐渐发展起来的科学技术几乎一无所知，也不可能以政府的名义组织人员进行科学研究。虽然中国当时也有一些科技成就领先世界，但大都是对过去成就的总结，或少量应用性技术的继续运用。政府对科技研究的漠视，使科技再难取得进步。二.缺少物质基础和动力中国虽然在明朝中后期出现了资本主义生产关系的萌芽，但腐朽的封建剥削制度和重农抑商传统，一方面使广大农民极端贫困，国内市场狭小，另一方面剥削者用钱去买田置地，束缚了手工业的扩大再生产，这就阻碍和压制了资本主义萌芽的发展。封建国家经济实力极为有限，这就使得科学技术的发展缺乏物质基础和动力。三.实行严格限制对外交往和贸易的“闭关锁国”政策明朝中后期，政府开始实行“闭关锁国”政策，清朝建立后继续沿用并变本加厉。“闭关锁国”政策的危害主要表现在：一是我国对西方国家所进行的资产阶级革命、改革和工业革命一无所知，对国际贸易的急剧变化毫无准备，结果失去了对外贸易的主动权，阻碍了手工业的进步和发展，进而阻碍了资本主义萌芽的发展；二是由于长期与西方隔绝，使我国失去了向西方学习先进思想文化和科学技术的机会，同时也使我国军事技术大大落后于西方。因此，“闭关锁国”政策不利于中华民族同世界各民族的正常交往；不利于中国人民了解世界、走向世界；不利于学习世界各民族优秀的思想文化和先进的科学技术，以取长补短。四.考试制度日益落后，政府实行反动文化政策明代规定科举考试只能从四书五经中命题，八股取士使读书人不讲究实际学问，大量读书人为了功名利禄而对科技研究毫无兴趣。在文化政策方面，明清两代特别是清朝实行残酷的“文字狱”，严重禁锢了知识分子的思想，泯灭了知识分子的创造才智，使中国科技的发展失去了客观条件。五.我国地理环境的影响长期以来，我国古代历朝统治者都十分重视开疆拓土。清朝时，“我国的东部、南部已经包括了很长的海岸及其许多岛屿，西部已经包括了西藏高原及许多少数民族地区，北部已经包括了极为辽阔的沙漠地区”。从地图上可以看出，当时我国东、南部是浩瀚的太平洋，西部是喜马拉雅山和茫茫大漠，北部是人烟稀少的西伯利亚。这种地势使统治者不愿再向更广的方向发展而选择固守本土，但也因此失去了及时了解西方国家动向的许多机会。
①腐朽的封建制度严重阻碍和压制资本主义的发展
②闭关锁国隔绝了中外经济文化的交流
③自给自足的封建经济仍占主导地位，使科学技术的发展缺乏物质基础和动力
④明清实行文化专制政策禁锢了思想，摧残了人才，严重阻碍了中国社会的发展和进步。
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