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临床医师实践技能操作要点列举
实践技能操作是临床医师的重要技能。下面是我为大家带来的临床医师实践技能操作要点列举。欢迎阅读。
一、织胞浆菌病诊断
主要根据从痰、周围血液、骨髓、淋巴结穿刺物、活检等标本中找到细胞内的酵母型菌,再结合临床症状和培养检查。显微组织病理学检查,血清试验最终应以培养阳性来确证。
二、幼儿急疹诊断标准
1.烧退疹出或疹出热退。
2.皮疹多不规则,为小型玫瑰斑点,也可融合一片,压之消退。先见于颈部及躯干,很快遍及全身,腰部及臀部较多。
3.皮疹在1~2天内消退,不留色素斑。
4.该病在出疹前可有呼吸道或消化道症状,如咽炎、腹泻,同时颈部周围淋巴结普遍增大,这对幼儿急疹的诊断很有意义。
三、乳腺囊性增生病鉴别
1.急性乳腺炎:好发于哺乳期,有局部的红、肿、热、痛和全身发热及乏力的表现,一般不难鉴别。
2.乳腺癌:乳腺癌多可以发现局限的肿块,质地偏硬,与周围乳腺有较明显的区别,有时有腋窝淋巴结肿大。
乳腺囊性增生病的治疗原则:
(1)无症状时可以观察,注意随访。
(2)有疼痛症状时,可以对症治疗,可用中药调理。
(3)若有肿块与肿瘤不能区分者,可手术切除活检。
四、乳腺的.触诊方法
正确的乳房检查触摸时手掌要平伸,四指并拢,用最敏感的食指、中指、无名指的末端指腹按顺序轻扪乳房的外上、外下、内下、内上区域,最后是乳房中间的乳头及乳晕区。检查时不可用手指抓捏乳腺组织,否则会把抓捏到的乳腺组织误认为肿块。
从坐位开始。任何乳头内翻、皮肤凹陷、结构形状异样都是乳房深处癌的线索。如果病人双手在头上拍掌来收缩胸肌就会出现上述迹象。妇女处于坐位时,便于检查锁骨上、下和腋下淋巴结,最后还需坐着进行触诊,要用并拢的手指触摸乳头下的区域。
取仰卧位作更广泛区域的触诊,同侧乳房下垫一枕头,同侧的手举过头部,使乳房均匀地摊在胸壁上使手指易触到深部的乳腺癌,应用食指、中指、无名指的掌面而不是指尖进行触诊。触诊的方式应取转圆圈的方式,从乳头向外横向转动,检查伸到腋下的乳腺尤其重要。
乳房检查首先应观察乳腺的发育情况,两侧乳房是否对称,大小是否相似,两侧乳头是否在同一水平上,乳头是否有回缩凹陷;乳头、乳晕有无糜烂,乳房皮肤色泽如何,有无水肿和橘皮样变,是否有红肿等炎性表现,乳腺区浅表静脉是否怒张等。
五、直肠指诊
(1)病人体位
1、膝胸式:适用于男性病人的检查,是检查肛门、直肠的较好体位。
2、左侧卧式:适用于女病人的检查,男病人也可以采用。
3、仰卧式:有腹腔疾患或者是不便于改换体位,尤其适用于身体虚弱者。
(2)检查方法
1、将检查目的、要求告知病人,取得病人的合作。
2、在检查的时候,要求病人保持肌肉松弛,避免肛门括约肌紧张。
3、医生右手戴橡皮手套或者是指套,食指涂润滑油或者是肥皂液,让病人行深呼吸。
4、先用指腹轻轻地按压肛门,再缓慢地插入直肠内进行检查。
5、插入直肠后,有顺序地进行上下左右全面检查。
6、检查完毕,取出指套,观察有没有脓血等分泌物,必要时送检。
;
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