名词性从句具体细则

语法基础知识 名词性从句结构从句根据性质不同可分为：名词性从句、形容词性从句和副词性从句。根据句法功能的不同，名词性从句可分为：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句多由连词that, wh-word疑问词，连接代词who, which，连接副词when where等引导。这一单元我们重点讲解表语从句（即名词性从句用作表语）和宾语从句（即名词性从句用作宾语）的情况。1．名词性从句用作表语（表语从句）名词性从句放在系动词之后，用作表语，构成系表结构，用来表示某一事实，也能表示某人的意见、信念、要求和希望等。表语从句由连词that, whether, if连接，也可以用连接代词what, who或连接副词why, where, when, how等连接。例如：①The first question I put to him was whether he would do it.我向他提的第一个问题就是他是否要做那工作。②The problem was if they would attend the conference.问题是他们是否去参加会议。③This is what I had wanted to say.这就是我本来要说的话。④The question was how we could get to the railway station.问题是我们怎样到达火车站。⑤That was why I was so frightened at that time.那就是为什么我当时如此害怕的原因。⑥Our plan is that we'll finish the experiment in a quarter.我们的计划是在一刻钟内完成这项实验。⑦His wish is that he should go to work in the United States.他的愿望是到美国去工作。⑧Our greatest happiness is that we can serve the people with all our hearts.我们最大的幸福是全心全意为人民服务。2．名词性从句用作宾语（宾语从句）由连词、连接代词或连接副词引导的名词性从句，放在谓语动词、非谓语动词或介词之后，用作宾语，表示动作的对象。例如：①They said that they had been there for a year.他们说他们在那儿呆了一年了。②I don't understand what they are talking about.我不明白他们在谈些什么。③I wish that I knew where they live at present.但愿我知道他们目前在哪儿住就好了。④I wonder if you would mind helping me.不知道你是否能帮我的忙。⑤I shall not forget when the meeting will open.我不会忘记开会的时间。⑥We always gave whoever came to us valuable guidance.无论谁到我们这里来，我们总是给予有用的指导。⑦You have to think of what you should do next.你必须考虑下一步怎么办。⑧“We can write about whatever topic we prefer.”said the teacher.老师说我们可以写我们喜欢的任何题目。⑨We found it very strange that no one would take the money.我们很感到奇怪，谁也不要这笔钱。3．名词从句用作同位语同位语从句是名词性从句，一般跟在某些抽象名词（如belief, fact, hope, idea, news, problem, possibility等）的后面，用以说明或解释前面的名词。同位语从句用连词that, whether引导，也可用连接代词what或连接副词why等引导。例如：①We ought to discuss carefully the important question whether we can do it or not.我们应该细心讨论一下这个重要问题，就是我们是否能做这项工作。②I have no idea that such a little girl knows much about the experiment.我没有想到这个小女孩对这项实验知道的那么多。③The news that his daughter had won the first prize was a great pleasure to him.他女儿获得一等奖的消息对他来说是很值得开心的事情。④The fact that this book is completely sold out speaks in its favour.这本书全卖出去的事实说明了它是受欢迎的。⑤The idea that computers will recognize human voices surprises many people.电脑将能辨出人的声音，这个想法让很多人吃惊。⑥The possibility that the majority of the labour force will work at home is often discussed. 多数劳动者都可以在家上班，这种可能性常常被提出来探讨。⑦I have no idea when Jack will be back.我不知到杰克什么时候回来。⑧He can't answer the question how he got the money.这笔钱他是怎样得到的，对这个问题他不能回答。4．同位语从句与定语从句的区别比较下列两个例句：①We expressed the hope(that)they had expressed.我们表达了他们曾经表达的那种希望。（定语从句）②We expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.我们表示希望他们再来中国访问。（同位语从句）1）从语法的角度上看，引导同位语从句的that是连词，只起连接的作用，在从句中并不作任何句子成分；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，除了起连接作用外，还在从句中作句子成分（如句①中的that在从句中作宾语）。又如：③We were overjoyed at the news(that)he told us.我们听到他说的消息，高兴极了。④We were overjoyed at the news that the school would organize a trip to the Great Wall.听到学校将组织大家去长城游览的消息，我们高兴极了。2）从语意的角度上看，同位语从句与它前面的名词（如hope）是同位关系，表示这个“希望”的内容是“他们再来中国访问”；而定语从句与它前面的名词是所属关系，表示“……的”（如句①中的“他们曾经表示过的”），起修饰作用。又如：⑤Have you heard the news that a war has broken out in the Middle East? 你听到在中东爆发战争的消息了吗？⑥Have you heard the news(that)I just told you?你听说过我刚告诉你的消息了吗？3）同位语从句的连词that一般不能省略；而定语从句中的关系代词that，当其在句中作宾语时，常常可以省略（如①中的that可以省略）。又如：⑦The suggestion that we clean the classroom by turns is good.我们轮流打扫教室这个建议很好。

引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
连接词：that,whether,if 不充当从句的任何成分）
连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,
whose, which.
连接副词：when, where, how, why
不可省略的连词：
1. 介词后的连词
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。
That she was chosen made us very happy.
We heard the news that our team had won.
比较：
whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：
1. whether引导主语从句并在句首
2. 引导表语从句
3. whether从句作介词宾语
4. 从句后有"or not"
Whether he will come is not clear.
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。
It is not important who will go.
It is still unknown which team will win the match.
[编辑本段]二. 主语从句
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。
Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。
有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：
（1） It + be + 名词 + that从句
（2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句
（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句
（4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that …
It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that…
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…
[编辑本段]三、宾语从句
名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句
由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如：
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。
注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, demand, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。例如：
I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。
2. 用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如：
I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。
3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。此外，whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：
a. 引导主语从句并在句首时；b. 引导表语从句时；c . 引导从句作介词宾语时；d. 从句后有“or not”时；e. 后接动词不定式时。例如：
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?
Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。
I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留？
4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用
不同时态。例如：
he studies English every day. （从句用一般现在时）
he studied English last term. （从句用一般过去时）
I know (that) he will study English next year. （从句用一般将来时）
he has studied English since 1998. （从句用现在完成时）
当主句动词是过去时态（could, would除外），从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。例如：
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America．
5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：
We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。
I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。
[编辑本段]三、表语从句
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如：
The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。
This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如：
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning .
【注意】whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。
[编辑本段]四. 同位语从句
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：
The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。
同位语从句和定语从句的区别：
that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略； that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。
试比较下面两个例句:
I had no idea that you were here．（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）
Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）
[编辑本段]五、名词性that-从句
1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。 That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如：
主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck. 他还活着全靠运气。
宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。
表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。
同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。
形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.
你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
2）That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。
It's a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that… 有必要……
It is important that… 重要的是……
It is obvious that… 很明显……
b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
It is believed that… 人们相信……
It is known to all that… 从所周知……
It has been decided that… 已决定……
c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识
It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that… 事实是……
d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
It appears that… 似乎……
It happens that… 碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……
[编辑本段]六、名词性wh-从句
1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，例如：
主语： How the book will sell depends on its author. 书销售如何取决于作者本人。
直接宾语：In one's own home one can do what one likes. 在自己家里可以随心所欲。
间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize.
俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。
表语： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation. 我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。
宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。
同位语： I have no idea when he will return.
我不知道他什么时候回来。
形容词宾语：I'm not sure why she refused their invitation. 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。
介词宾语： That depends on where we shall go.
那取决于我们去哪儿。
2）Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如：
It is not yet decided who will do that job.
还没决定谁做这项工作。
It remains unknown when they are going to get married. 他们何时结婚依然不明。
[编辑本段]七、if, whether引导的名词从句
1）yes-no型疑问从句
从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同， 例如：
主语：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有等证实。
宾语：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday. 请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。
表语：The point is whether we should lend him the money. 问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。
同位语：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy. 他们调查他是否值得信赖。
形容词宾语： She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come. 她怀疑我们是否能够前来。
介词宾语： I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness. 我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。
2）选择性疑问从句
选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whether…or not构成，例如：
Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。
I don't care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划

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