水稻常见病害有哪些?

2025-01-28 02:15:12
推荐回答(3个)
回答1:

水稻病害可分为非侵染性病害和侵染性病害两大类。非侵染性病害是由生长条件不适宜或环境中有害物质的影响诱发的,并没有其他生物的侵染,是不能相互传染的。如水稻的生理性烂秧,主要原因是种子质量差和催芽过程中冷热不均,蓄水或覆土过深造成缺氧条件而引起的。水稻苗期的黄枯病是由于育秧过程中管理不当或环境条件不适合造成的。水稻黑根则是由于施用未腐熟的肥料或大量施用有机肥或化肥,同时蓄水过深,土壤处于强还原状态,产生大量硫化氢、硫化铁等还原性物质毒害稻株,使稻根变黑、腐烂。侵染性病害是由病原生物侵染寄主所引起的,具有一定的传染性,如水稻立枯病、稻瘟病、稻曲病等。

回答2:

水稻烂秧病、水稻恶苗病、水稻赤枯病、稻纹枯病、水稻胡麻斑病、水稻叶尖枯病、稻白叶枯病、条纹叶枯病
具体症状、防治参见http://ny0371.blog.163.com/blog/static/117749242200943022054230/和http://ny0371.blog.163.com/blog/static/117749242200943022053894/

回答3:

稻瘟病

症状:稻瘟病在水稻整个生育期中都可发生,为害秧苗、叶片、穗、节等,分别称为苗瘟、叶瘟、穗瘟和节瘟。

叶瘟:一般在水稻分蘖至拨节期盛发,病菌浸染叶片产生褐色斑点。慢性病斑通常呈菱形或纺锤形,最外层为黄色晕圈,内外为褐色,中央为灰白色,病斑两端常有纵向的褐线,在多湿条件下,背面产生少量的青灰色霉状物,即病菌分生孢子。

穗瘟:发生于穗颈、穗轴、枝梗和谷粒上。穗颈瘟一般多在出穗后受侵。病部初现暗褐色,逐渐向上下扩展,形成水浸状褪绿病斑,最后变黑褐色。穗轴和枝梗上症状与穗颈相似,严重者分支变白。

防治方法:1. 重点是推广抗病品种,尤其是老病区,这是防止稻瘟病大流行的主要措施。2. 抓住关键,适期喷药保护。根据发病迟早确定防治时期,按病情轻重,确定防治田块和次数。

叶瘟:应着眼保护易感病的分蘖盛期。要加强检查,及时掌握病情,当田间出现发病中心后,气候条件又有利于发病,需立即防治,消灭发病中心,以控制其蔓延。发病较重的田块应连续防治 2-3 次。

穗瘟:应着重保护抽穗期。根据叶瘟病情和抽穗期期间的气象预报以及品种感病性和稻株生长情况,及时掌握施药适期和确定防治田块,做好预防。

药剂可选用 40 %克瘟散乳油每亩 50-75 ml、40% 稻瘟灵乳油每亩 75 ml、40% 稻瘟净乳油 125-150 ml 加水 50 kg 喷雾或 20% 三环唑可湿粉每亩 75-100 g 加 50 kg 喷雾。

水稻纹枯病

症状:水稻整个生育期都可发生。初期在近水面的叶鞘上产生水浸状,暗绿色,边缘不清楚的小斑点,以后逐渐扩大成椭园形或云纹状,中央灰绿色至灰褐色。湿度低时,病斑中部草黄色或灰白色,边缘暗褐色,中部组织破坏呈半透明状,病斑多而大时,常连接形成不规则云纹状斑块,引起叶片发黄枯死。

防治方法:插秧前清除田间越冬菌核,本田期加强肥、水管理,发病初期施药保护等综合防治措施,可有效控制其为害。

适期喷药保护:早、晚稻分蘖盛期要加强田间调查,根据发病早、迟,确定防治时期;根据发病轻、重,确定当防治田块病蔸率达 30% 时应立即施药。药剂可选用井岗霉素粉剂每亩 1-2 包兑水 50 公斤喷雾。

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