关系词:引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等,绝对没有what;关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用:①连接作用,引导定语从句。②代替主句中的先行词,甚至可能是主句中的一部分或整个主句。③在定语从句中充当一句子成分。
1、who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:
(1) Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是想见你的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
(2) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
2、Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换,指人的时候也可以用of whom 代替)
(1) They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
(2) Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3、 which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:
(1) A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作主语)
(2) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)
一、关系代词(在句中作主语、宾语或定语)
1. that既可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语也可以省略。[eg:this is the book (which)you want。]
2而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置
3. 代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括当先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时,或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时等,这时的that常被省略 还有先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,或先行词就是序数词或最高级时.以及先行词中既有人又有物时.还有句中前面有which时,都只能用that
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样。
二、关系副词(在句中作状语)
关系副词=介词+关系代词
why=for which
where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
1. where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句。
2. when引导定语从句表示时间〔注〕值得一提的是,表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导。
By the time you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks.
I still remember the first time I met her.
Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。
3. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导
There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。
That she was chosen made us very happy 这是that引导的主语从句,名词性从句的一种。that在里面不做从句中的任何成分,只是单纯地引导这个从句。【她所做的选择】让我们很高兴。括号中的是句中的主语
Where is the man that I saw this morning? 这是that引导的定语从句。那个男人是谁? 男人的定语:我今早看到的。
从翻译上就可以断定that引导的是名词性从句还是定语从句。不知楼主明白否?
定语从句的关系词在从句一般都是作成分的,关系代词(没有what)一般作主语、宾语、表语,也可以作定语,关系副词一般都作状语。
而在名词性从句中有三类连接词:连词、连接代词(有what)和连接副词。
连词在从句中是不充当任何成分的,而这时候that是属于连词的一种(这是和定语从句不同的!),既没有任何词义也不作任何成分。
连接代词和连接副词就可在从句中充当从句的成分。
关系词:引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等,绝对没有what;关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用:①连接作用,引导定语从句。②代替主句中的先行词,甚至可能是主句中的一部分或整个主句。③在定语从句中充当一句子成分。
关系代词 that which who whose whom
关系副词 when where why
他们在句中可以坐主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语