西方音乐史的两个问题

是太多了，我也考，顺便帮你答
1.勃艮第乐派兴起于比利时，尼德兰和法兰西东部的勃艮第公爵领地内，位于第戌的宫廷也是当时西欧的文化中心。勃艮第乐派作家吸取了英国音乐家的风格及意大利音乐的因素，与法国复调音乐传统结合起来，创作出一种自然，柔和，明亮的音乐。三度音程成为主要的旋律与和声音程，作品有明确的旋律和鲜明的节奏，而不再是那种漫无中心的状态。
佛兰德我书上没有写具体的音乐特征，具体作家若斯坎，以音乐表达词意，表现情感，以一种自由的连续不断的主题模仿的手法，使乐思得到富于想象力的发展，在他的复调音乐作品中，主调和声意识明显成熟，音乐终止清晰，结构和谐均称。
2.主要管乐器：竖笛，横笛，双簧管，木管号，小号，古长号，维奥尔琴。琉特琴，管风琴，古钢琴。
音乐代裁如坎佐纳，利切卡尔，以及幻想曲，前奏曲和托卡塔等。16世纪社交的舞蹈已很流行，出现了一些成对的舞曲：帕凡舞曲，与加亚尔舞曲，它们在德国被称为舞曲和后续舞曲，在意大利称为帕萨梅佐和萨尔塔雷洛。后来又出现了相似的一对舞曲，阿勒芒德舞曲和库朗舞曲。这些成对的舞曲之间有节拍和速度的对比。变奏曲是另一种重要器乐代裁。
累死类～太多了，我简要答的。你是要考音乐史？去买一本音乐学基础知识问答吧，里面什么都有。考研够用了。。。

要考试才上网问，这么基础早忘了，别背了，到时候找个好位置吧。

文艺复兴时期应该有有关管风琴的乐器，而且有大量的宗教音乐也是器乐音乐的，尤其是有管风琴演奏的。

第一个问题请问你可以用英语问吗
第二个问题,我所学的音乐历史分为大致这几个时期,

1.medieval(800 - 1400 )The most important of the bowed instruments were the vielles, The most important plucked string instrument was the lute, During this time period recorders, various kinds of trumpets, and horns were in use. The shawm, which was a double reed instrument, was also used.In the Medieval era, portative organs or organetto were used.Drums came in many different shapes and sizes and were used mainly for military and dance purposes. Kettledrums, also called nakers, were used in pairs during this time period. In addition, a cylidrical drum, known as the tabor, was used. Many kinds of bells and cymbals were also used during the Medieval era.

2.The Renaissance Period (1400 - 1600 C.E.)
Ancestors of the 17th century violin family, Renaissance viols, were fretted instruments with six strings tuned in fourths, with a third in the middle (A d g b e?a?. They were used in various ensembles called consorts (consisting entirely of viols) or in mixed consorts, which had recorders and other instruments in it.The most popular solo instrument of the Renaissance was the lute. It had an angled neck and pear shaped body. Lutes were fretted instruments. It had six strings tuned, as did viols, in fourths with a third in the middle (G c f a d?g?. Lute music was often written in tablature, a special kind of musical notation that indicates the fret and string for a given note. Being extremely versatile, the lute was used for solo, accompaniment and for ensemble music purposes. The most important wind instrument of the Renaissance era was the recorder. The recorder was a hollow, end-blown wooden flute. The recorder was also a very versatile instrument and it was used in may different types of ensemble music. It ranged in size from treble to bass. Other notable wind instruments were the shawm and the cromorn (double reed woodwinds), coronets (soft toned instruments made out of wood or ivy), and early trumpets and trombones (restricted to the natural tone of the harmonic series). These instruments were first emerging and were confined to fanfares or to outdoor music festivals.Organs and keyboards were the primary keyboard instruments used during the Renaissance era. They were commonly found in churches. In their earliest form, pedalboards were not built into such organs (except in Germany). Regals, or positive organs, were in wide use since the Medieval period, while the portative organ died out during the latter 1600s.Additionally, there were two other types of keyboard instruments now present in the musical world. They were the clavichord and the harpsichord. Keyboard instruments were mainly used for solo purposes during the Renaissance, and rarely accompanied vocal polyphony . It was an even rarer occurrence that a vocal or ensemble piece to be accompanied by a clavichord or harpsichord.

3.The Baroque Era(1600-1750 C.E.)(巴洛克)
大致乐器有:Clavichord,Organ,Harpsichord(The Harpsichord was very popular and was known by various names in different parts of Europe. In Italy, it was called a clavicembalo . In England, it was referred to as a virginal. In France it was termed a clavecen , and in Germany, it was named klavier . The harpsichord usually had two manuals or keyboards. It's tone was produced with quills which plucked the strings mechanically every time a key was pressed. The tone of the harpsichord was stronger than the clavichord but it could not produce dynamics. The harpsichord was the main instrument employed in the basso continuo. It is one of the most distinctive sounds of the Baroque Era and was the most favored instrument in solo music.)The principal string instruments of the 1600s were the viol family. The new violin family of instruments slowly replaced them. The violin soon became the new leader of the stringed instruments, and its sound became the dominant timbre in late Baroque ensemble music. The bass viol commonly known as the contrabass, or double bass was still utilized, even though the other viols died out. During the 1600s, the lute started to lose its dominance in the music world. A few pieces of lute music were still being produced, mainly in France and Germany.During the Baroque era the principal woodwind instruments used were the bassoon, flute, and oboe. Older end-blown recorders were still in use during the late Baroque period. The transverse flute started to become a common solo and ensemble instrument. Brass instruments such as horns, trumpets, and trombones were used in large ensembles, but rarely as solo instruments.Timpani were the only percussion instruments in common use at this time. They were used sparingly in the orchestra.

4.The Classical Era(1750-1820 C.E.)
乐器大致和BAROQUE相像,但是更有所发展

5.The Romantic Era(1850 - 1920 C.E.)
The Piano
Organ and harpsichord music, which were popular in past eras, began to diminish in importance. Piano music quickly stepped in to fill the void. The piano was an extremely versatile instrument, drawing both performers and composers to it at an increasingly rapid pace. The piano provided a wide dynamic range, the ability to distinguish between loud and soft, and a large capacity for sonority , which its predecessors did not have. This versatility enabled the performer to express artistic abilities that ranged from a quiet, delicate newborn kitten to that of a proud confident lion king. No other instrument to date matched the ability and endless possibilities that the piano suddenly gave musicians. The damper pedal allowed musicians to try new and exciting harmonic effects, and along with new keyboard mechanics, allowed them to fine tune their compositions in any number of ways.

KEYBOARD FORMS

There were various musical forms that were composed for the piano. Some of the popular compositions were etudes, character pieces , variations , and stylized dances.
Etudes
The etude was a study that showed off the performer抯 technical ability using arpeggios , octaves, scales, and chords.

Character Pieces
The character piece was a short programmatic work that had descriptive titles, such as nocturne, ballade, rhapsody, intermezzo, and songs without words.

Variations
A variation is a virtuoso piece that states a theme and then modifies it through changes of rhythm, meter, and structure.

Stylized Dances
Stylized dances were popular dance forms such as the waltz , mazurka , polka , and the gallop .

SYMPHONIC MUSIC

With the coming of the Romantic era, the orchestra grew in both importance, and size. More instruments were added, and gave this orchestra a wider range of sounds and emotions to put forth to the musical world.

Instrumentation

Woodwinds
The woodwind section grew to include two or more bassoons, oboes, flutes, and clarinets. Additional color instruments such as the contrabassoon, the bass clarinet, the piccolo, and the English horn were added.
Brass
The brass section began to utilize instruments with valves, which gave this section a wider range and versatility. This section included trumpets, horns, trombones, and tubas.

Percussion
In addition to the use of timpani, there was now the use of percussion instruments such as bass and side drums, xylophones, celestas, gongs, cymbals, castanets, harps, bells, triangles, and chimes.

Strings
While no additional string instruments were invented during this era, the number of string instruments used in an orchestra increased in size to balance out the addition of the larger brass and woodwind sections.

Orchestration

New musical ideas were expressed through the use of additional solo parts into an orchestral work. A woodwind instrument or horn was favored for a solo part. Additionally, the string section experimented with, created, and used mutues, tremelo , harmonics, pizzicato , and double stops.

6.The Modern/20th Century Era(1900 - Present)

你的文艺复兴时期可以查年代然后对号入座.