一、把握阅读节奏,有效阅读
提高阅读速度当然是最大的武器,但是盲目追求速度快往往导致我们忽略重点,影响阅读质量。那么怎样才能在保证阅读速度的前提下提高阅读质量呢?我们知道,句子是由词组成的,但同一句话中的各个词的分量不尽相同,有的起着关键的作用。段落是由句子构成的,然而同一段落中的各个句子的分量也是不同的,有的是关键句、核心句,有的则起着辅助说明的作用,为阐述中心思想而服务。这些关键词、关键句表达的正是段落的重要信息,抓住了它们就等于抓住了段落的核心,就知道了什么地方应该加快速度,什么地方应该放慢速度,当然也就掌握了阅读节奏。也就是说,对于关键词和关键句应该慢读,做到充分理解,牢牢把握;而对非关键词和非关键句应加快阅读速度,抢出时间,用以反复阅读重点句或归纳总结。所以,把握阅读的节奏成了有效阅读的关键。那么接下来,朗阁海外考试研究中心的老师将对新托福口语第三题和第四题逐一做出分析和讲解,教大家如何把握阅读的节奏。
二、把握阅读节奏之第三题
第三题属于校园场景,阅读材料按内容可以划分成两种:学校通告(Announcement)和个人建议(Letter/Proposal)。两者虽然在内容上不同,但文章结构是一致的。这是一个好现象,因为我们可以通过固定的文章结构来快速判断主旨句的位置。其实,学校的通告也好,个人的建议也罢,都符合西方人开门见山的表达习惯。换言之,无论是什么内容的材料,主旨句通常出现在前两句。这给我们提供了很大的便利,因为我们可以以此来提高我们的阅读速度。我们先来看一则学校通告的例子:
Required Work Experience
The business studies department at State University will now require all students enrolled in its program to complete one semester of work experience in a local corporation or small business. It is felt that students will benefit from this work experience by developing leadership and organizational skills that would not normally be learned in a classroom or campus setting. Furthermore, the relationship that students establish with the company that they work for may help them to secure permanent employment with that company once they have completed the program and graduated.
我们拿到一段材料通常第一件事是看标题,因为那能帮助我们快速掌握材料的主旨,所以我们知道本题的主旨与work experience有关,接下来就剩细节了。通过刚才讲过的方法,我们知道主旨句一定在前两句,所以我们稍微放慢速度阅读前两句。通过题目一开始的旁白我们已经知道这是一篇学校通告,所以为了提升速度,我们快速跳过一些“虚词”,包括学校名称、院系、以及表示“要求”、“建议”等意思的词。因为这些词在大部分的学校通告材料中出现且无实际意义,所以我们可以快速略过。那本题中,我们只需要仔细阅读第一行require后面的内容就可以了。这时我们的工作量就又减少了,速度也就提升了。通过阅读我们发现,本题的主旨就在第一句,所以赶紧记下来关键词(动词、名词优先),保证主旨句有分。
下面我们再来看一个个人建议的例子:
University Should Pave Running Trails
The university has about three miles of unpaved dirt running trails that pass through the forest near campus. I think these trails should be paved with cement. One reason for paving the trails would be to increase their safety. When it rains, the dirt turns to mud and becomes very slippery, so the runners who use them can slip and fall. Pavement would solve this problem. Also, paving would make the trails look nicer, which would encourage students to use them. Bumps in the trial would be smoothed out and weeds would be paved over, making the trail more attractive to runners.
Sincerely Sally Jacobs
个人建议的阅读材料更容易判断主旨句,我们只需要快速找到第一人称I或We出现的一句就OK了。根据技巧,我们找到本题的主旨就是I think these trails should be paved with cement。但是为了答案更具体更完整,我们应该把句中的these指代的内容找出来,根据指代原则,我们从第一句找到了unpaved dirt running trails。所以,本题的主旨就是The student suggests that the unpaved dirt running trails should be paved with cement。这样就可以快速搞定主旨句了。
然而,光找主旨是不够的,我们还需要找出除了主旨之外的重点。这个重点通常包括学校做法或个人建议的原因、目的、功能、作用等,而且大部分情况下都是两点。我们怎么能快速准确地定位到这两点呢?很简单,通过表示列举和增补关系的连接词,或起到连接性作用的短语等,包括:First, one reason, on one hand, in addition, additionally, also, furthermore, moreover, what’s more, another reason/purpose/benefit等。我们应该首先快速定位这些词,这样能帮我们立即找到两点原因。就拿刚才的例子来说,我们能迅速地发现One reason for paving the trails would be to increase their safety和Also, paving would make the trails look nicer, which would encourage students to use them。做到这,我们的任务基本就完成了。接下来我们稍微放慢速度阅读这两句,记下关键词。如果还剩其他的句子,都只是起辅助作用的内容,快速阅读即可。如果还剩时间,我们应该把所找的重点再反复阅读,加深理解。
当然,阅读材料并不是绝对的固定结构。有时我们在文中发现不了上述提到的连接词的时候,只能逐句阅读,抓紧记下一点原因之后,快速阅读剩余句子,先判断一下是否与已记下的内容雷同,如果没有不同的点可以记,我们只能判断本题只有一个原因了。比如下列一段材料:
Housing Renovations Planned
Over the last ten years, the number of Central College students living on campus in dormitories has decreased by twenty percent. In an effort to counteract the trend, the college has announced a plan to renovate its on-campus housing. The renovations will take two years, and they will include improvements to the bathrooms, lighting, and heating in the dormitories. “A lot of people are moving off campus because the dorms aren’t in great shape,” explained the college president. “By renovating the dorms, we can make them more appealing than off-campus housing, and more students will choose to remain on campus.”
我们可以发现,本段没有上述链接词,也没有明显的分层,通过阅读我们发现文章一再地提到学生搬出校园以及翻修宿舍的目的是为了吸引学生住校。所以我们能肯定本题的原因就是“吸引学生住校”。所以,通过有快有慢、有重点有技巧的阅读,我们就绝不会落下得分点。
三、把握阅读节奏之第四题
第四题属于学术场景,阅读材料是关于一个学术名词的解释。这个学术名词或是某种现象,亦或是某种做法,专业涉及心理学、商业、社会学、艺术等。与第三题不同的是,本题的阅读段落并没有第三题那么固定,所以在找得分点方面给我们增加了难度,阅读速度也因此会受到影响。不过主旨句(也就是对专有名词的解释)总归有它的特点,我们大致可以把主旨句分为三种情况。
第一种情况是要解释的学术名词首次完整在段落中出现的一句话就是主旨句,就是对这个名词的解释。所以我们拿到阅读段落的时候应该首先快速扫描学术名词,第一次出现这个名词的那一句就是对这个词的解释。比如下面一个例子:
The Establishing Shot
Film directors use different types of camera shots for specific purposes. An establishing shot is an image shown briefly at the beginning of a scene, usually taken from far away. That is used to provide context for the rest of the scene. One purpose of the establishing shot is to communicate back ground information to the viewer, such as setting--where and when the rest of the scene will occur. It also establishes the mood feeling of the scene. Due to the context that the establishing shot provides, the characters and events that are shown next are better understood by the viewer.
本段落要解释的名词是establishing shot,所以我们快速在文中找这个学术名词首次完整出现的句子。很快我们就能定位第二句符合这个规则,那么接下来就要放慢速度阅读理解这句话的意思。通过阅读我们能判定这就话就是主旨句,所以应该快速记下相应的笔记。
当然,很多时候我们发现主旨句并不是这个学术名词第一次出现的句子;相反地,它们第一次出现的句子是一个概括性的,导入性的句子,那么这个时候我们就应该判断这属于第二种情况,就是主旨句出现在导入性句子的后面,比如:
Entertainment Merchandising
An effective, widely used marketing practice in the entertainment industry is entertainment merchandising. Entertainment merchandising is a form of marketing in which the brand or image from one product is also used to sell another. The practice of entertainment merchandising often occurs in connection with movies and television shows, especially those associated with children. For example, the success of a popular children’s television show may result in the marketing of toys that are designed to look like characters in the show. Or the situation may be reversed when a children’s television show is written to include characters that are based on already-popular toys.
我们通过第一种方法能快速定位到第一句是这个学术名词首次完整出现的句子,但是通过阅读我们发现这句话并没有解释什么是entertainment merchandising, 而是说有一种做法叫做entertainment merchandising, 所以我们知道了这句话只起一个导入性的作用。那么接下来我们就抓紧看下一句,通常下一句就是对这个名词的解释。而通过阅读我们发现第二句就正好解释了这个词的意思,所以应该快速记下笔记。
当然,有时候除了上述情况,我们还能碰到第三种情况:我们找到的学术名词第一次出现的一句话既不是主旨句也不是导入性的句子,而是一个总结性的句子。这些句子的标志语往往是this is known/seen/referred to as xxx, this is what we call xxx, these behaviors are xxx等。比如下面这个例子:
Comfort Zone Bias
Psychologists have found that when people make important decision, they often choose to stay in their “Comfort Zone”; that is, they prefer remaining in comfortable, familiar situations, rather than entering into new, unfamiliar ones. This tendency is often referred to as the comfort zone bias. When people are reasonably content, they often decide not to pursue a new opportunity, even if it attracts them and offers more advantages. Psychologists believe that the comfort zone bias exists not only because we have a natural preference for what we already know, but also because we want to avoid taking risks.
这个段落中我们能快速定位到第四行,也就是第二句‘This tendency is often referred to as the comfort zone bias’是学术名词comfort zone bias首次完整出现的一句,但是我们知道这一句并不是解释,而是总结说“这种趋势”叫做comfort zone bias,这时我们就要去前面找“这种趋势”究竟是哪种趋势。所以我们往前读一句,发现when people make important decision, they often choose to stay in their “Comfort Zone”; that is, they prefer remaining in comfortable, familiar situations, rather than entering into new, unfamiliar ones就是本文的主旨句。
朗阁海外考试研究中心的老师研究总结了大量的真题,发现第四题的阅读基本都适用这三种情况,所以考生们可以按照这种方法提高阅读速度。接下来,找完主旨句,我们就需要判断还有没有其他得分点需要记。与第三题的阅读不同,第四题的阅读不一定都有两个原因或目的这样的细节可以记,所以考生要自己判断是否有这样的内容。比如刚才我们举过的establishing shot的例子,文章中有很明显的标志词one purpose和also,所以我们立即就能决定记下这两个点。而像另外两篇文章,我们并不能立即发现有特点的细节,所以考生只能快速阅读剩下的句子。在这里我们需要注意的是,第四题如果想拿比较高的分数,对阅读文章的精确概括十分重要。除了主旨句应该记哪些内容而不记哪些内容十分考验考生的能力,所以关于第四题的阅读材料笔记内容老师会另外讨论,不在这里详细解释了。
而关于主旨句的记录,许多同学不确定在找出主旨句之后应该记哪些词不记哪些词。我们先来看看两个例子。
1. An establishing shot is an image shown briefly at the beginning of a scene, usually taken from far away.
本句是文章的主旨句,我们发现它其实不算长,所以这种情况我们直接记全句。记全句的好处就是在你看不懂的前提下保证你在复述的时候拿到一定的分数。
2. Psychologists have found that when people make important decision, they often choose to stay in their “Comfort Zone”; that is, they prefer remaining in comfortable, familiar situations, rather than entering into new, unfamiliar ones. This tendency is often referred to as the comfort zone bias.
这个例子里主旨句太长,我们不可能全都记下来,所以只需要记有用的内容,一些“虚词”和重复的内容都可以省略。比如,Psychologists have found that只是起一个导入的作用,真正重要的是心理学家发现了什么,所以这几个词是空话,是废话,所以我们不记。接下来,文章对they often choose to stay in their “Comfort Zone”做出了解释,也就是they prefer remaining in comfortable, familiar situations, rather than entering into new, unfamiliar ones,所以这两句意思一样,我们只记后一句更具体的解释,所以目前我们需要记的就是when people make important decision, they prefer remaining in comfortable, familiar situations, rather than entering into new, unfamiliar ones。学过语法和逻辑的同学知道,rather than表示这个词组之前的内容重要而之后的内容不重要,所以我们没有时间的话就可以省略rather than entering into new, unfamiliar ones这些内容。这么一来,我们最终需要记录的就只剩下when people make important decision, they prefer remaining in comfortable, familiar situations,我们的任务就简单多了,复述起来也不浪费时间了。
以上我们讨论的这些技巧都需要考生们多做练习,只有不断练习这些技巧才能真正提高阅读速度,把握文章重点,在考试时才能沉着冷静地记录好阅读文章的内容,复述时才能省时省事还能确保得到理想的分数。