李商隐对诗歌的开拓体现在哪些方面

2025-02-09 23:49:15
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

李商隐 朦胧多义与心灵世界的开拓
中唐后期以来的诗歌走向 诗歌情调的幽美朦胧与亲切可感
李商隐诗歌在艺术上具有多方面成就.名篇如《有感二首》(五排)典重沉郁;《韩碑》(七古)雄健高古;《筹笔驿》(七律)笔势顿挫;《骄儿诗》(五古)类似人物写生;《鄠杜马上念汉书》(五律)具有古诗排奡之笔势;《偶成转韵七十二句赠四同舍》(七古)豪放健举中见感慨深沉,等等,都各具面貌,极见功力.但从诗史的演进角度看,他以近体律绝(主要是七律、七绝)写成的抒情诗,特别是无题诗,以及风格接近无题的《锦瑟》、《重过圣女祠》、《春雨》等篇,其艺术成就和创新意义,尤其值得重视.李商隐在文学史上的地位,在很大程度上取决于这类作品所产生的巨大而持久的影响.
  李商隐之前,韩孟、元白两大诗派兴盛于中唐.到了晚唐,韩愈、白居易那一类诗歌的情感内容与士人的心态已逐渐隔膜,韩诗的怪奇而壮大、白诗的平易少含蓄的笔法,已不适用于表达纤细情感的需要.中唐后期,李贺的瑰丽诡谲,开启了晚唐重心灵、重自我的趋向.之后,诗歌创作中出现三种值得注意的走向:一、情爱和绮艳题材增长,齐梁声色又渐渐潜回唐代诗苑;二、追求细美幽约;三、重主观、重心灵世界的表现.三者从不同的侧面表现出来,又有其内在联系.情爱和丰富细致的心灵活动常常是相伴随的,而表现爱情和心灵世界又需要写得细美幽约.李商隐自是受这一走向推动,在表现包括爱情体验在内的心灵世界方面作了重大开拓,同时创造了“绮密瑰妍”(敖器之《诗评》)的诗美.
  李商隐的抒情诗,情调幽美.他致力于情思意绪的体验、把握与再现,用以状其情绪的多是一些精美之物.表达上又采取幽微隐约、迂回曲折的方式,不仅无题诗的情感是多层次的,就连其它一些诗,也常常一重情思套着一重情思,表现得幽深窈渺,如《春雨》:
  怅卧新春白袷衣,白门寥落意多违.红楼隔雨相望冷,珠箔飘灯独自归.远路应悲春晼晚,残宵犹得梦依稀.玉珰缄札何由达?万里云罗一雁飞.
  为所爱者远去而“怅卧”、“寥落”、“意多违”的心境,是一层情思;进入寻访不遇,雨中独归情景之中,又是一层情思;设想对方远路上的悲凄,是一层情思;回到梦醒后的环境中来,感慨梦境依稀,又一层情思;然后是书信难达的惆怅.思绪往而复归,盘绕回旋.雨丝、灯影、珠箔等意象,美丽而又细薄迷蒙,加上情绪的暗淡迷惘,诗境遂显得凄美幽约.
  李商隐不像一般诗人,把情感内容的强调、深度、广度、状态等等,以可喻、可测、可比的方式,尽可能清晰地揭示出来.为了表现复杂矛盾甚至怅惘莫名的情绪,他善于把心灵中的朦胧图象,化为恍惚迷离的诗的意象.这些意象分明有某种象征意义,而究竟要象征什么,又难以猜测,由它们结构成诗,略去其中的逻辑关系的明确表述,遂形成如雾里看花的朦胧诗境,辞意飘渺难寻.如《锦瑟》:
  锦瑟无端五十弦,一弦一柱思华年.庄生晓梦迷蝴蝶,望帝春心托杜鹃.沧海月明珠有泪,蓝田日暖玉生烟.此情可待成追忆,只是当时已惘然.
  这首诗所呈现的,是一些似有而实无,虽实无而又分明可见的一个个意象:庄生梦蝶、杜鹃啼血、良玉生烟、沧海珠泪.这些意象所构成的不是一个有完整画面的境界,而是错综纠结于其间的怅惘、感伤、寂寞、向往、失望的情思,是弥漫着这些情思的心象.诗的境界超越时空限制,真与幻、古与今、心灵与外物之间也不再有界限存在.究竟写什么?只首尾两联隐约暗示是追忆华年所感,而传达所感的内容则是五个在逻辑上并无必然联系的象喻和用以贯串这五个象喻的迷惘感伤情绪.喻体本身不同程度地带有朦胧的性质,而本体又未出现,诗就自然构成多层次的朦胧境界,难以确解.
  李商隐诗的朦胧,与亲切可感的情思意象常常统一在一起.读者尽管难以明了《锦瑟》诗的思想内容,但那可供神游的诗境,却很容易在脑子里浮现.所以《锦瑟》虽号称难懂,却又家喻户晓,广为传诵.《重过圣女祠》中的名句:“一春梦雨常飘瓦,尽日灵风不满旗”,写圣女“沦谪得归迟”的凄凉孤寂处境,境界幽缈朦胧,被认为“有不尽之意”(吕本中《紫薇诗话》).荒山废祠,细雨如梦似幻,灵风似有而无的境界亲切可感,而那种似灵非灵,既带有朦胧希望,又显得虚无缥缈的情思意蕴,又引人遐想,似乎还暗示着什么,朦胧难以确认.

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