推荐回答（2个）
名称
定性鉴定
岩石单轴饱和抗压强度（Mpa）
代表性岩石
软质岩
极软岩
锤击声哑，无回弹，有较深凹痕，手可捏碎；浸水后，可捏成团
＜5
全风化的各种岩石；
2. 各种半成岩
软岩
锤击声哑，无回弹，有凹痕，易击碎；浸水后，手可掰开
15～5
1. 强风化的坚硬岩；
2. 弱风化～强风化的较坚硬岩；
3. 弱风化的较软岩；
4. 未风化的泥岩等
较软岩
锤击声不清脆，无回弹，轻易击碎；浸水后，指甲可刻出印痕
30～15
1. 强风化的坚硬岩；
2. 弱风化的较坚硬岩；
3. 未风化～微风化的：凝灰岩、千枚岩、砂质泥岩、泥灰岩、粉砂岩、页岩等
较硬岩
锤击声较清脆，有轻微回弹，稍震手，较难击碎；浸水后，有轻微吸水反应
60～30
1. 弱风化的坚硬岩；
2. 未风化～微风化的：熔结凝灰岩、大理岩、板岩、白云岩、石灰岩、钙质胶结的砂岩等
坚硬岩
锤击声清脆，有回弹，震手，难击碎；浸水后，大多无吸水反应
＞60
未风化～微风化的：花岗岩、正长岩、闪长岩、辉绿岩、玄武岩、安山岩、片麻岩、石英片岩、硅质板岩、石英岩、硅质胶结的砾岩、石英砂岩、硅质石英岩等
土壤类别
名称
现场鉴别方法
天然含水量时平均容重 （kg/m3）
一类
砂
用锹，少许用脚蹬可挖掘，铲运机铲土时间短容易满斗。
1500
2. 粘质砂土
1600
3. 种植土
1200
4. 冲积砂土层
1650
5. 泥炭
600
二类
1. 砂质粘土和黄土
1600
2. 轻盐土和碱土
1600
三类
1. 中等密实的砂质粘土和黄土
可挖掘，铲运机铲土时间较长，可以装满斗。
1800
2. 含有碎石、卵石或工程垃圾的松散土
1900
3. 压实填筑土
1900
4. 粘土
1900
5. 轻微胶结的砂
1700
6. 天然湿度含砾石、石子（占15%以内）等杂质黄土
1800
四类
1. 坚硬重质粘土
全部用镐挖掘，少许需用撬棍松。铲运时间长装不满斗，有时需用助铲或松土机。
1950
2. 板状黄土和粘土
2000
3. 密实硬化后的重盐土
1800
4. 高岭土、干燥变硬的观音土
1500
5. 松散风化的片岩、砂岩或软页岩
2000
6. 含有碎石、卵石（30%以内）中等密实的粘性土或黄土
1950
7. 天然级配砂
1950
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