推荐回答(1个)
在西南少数民族图腾神话中,最为典型的是人与动物相配繁衍后代的神话。如傈僳族有人与蛇通婚产生蛇氏族的神话。怒族有始祖与动物婚配的神话。其中说洪水以后,腊普和亚妞兄妹结为夫妻,“生育了七个儿女,这些孩子长大以后,有的是兄妹结为夫妻,有的是跟会说话的蛇、蜂、鱼、虎交配,繁育下一代。后来人类逐步发展起来,就以一个始祖所传的后裔称为一个氏族,与蛇所生的称为蛇氏族,与蜂所生的称为蜂氏族,与鱼所生的称为鱼氏族,与虎所生的称为虎氏族。蛇氏族崇拜蛇,蜂氏族崇拜蜂,鱼氏族崇拜鱼,虎氏族崇拜虎。这则神话反映了怒族几个氏族的图腾崇拜。彝族中流传的女人感鹰而生支格阿龙的神话、在彝语支民族中普遍流传的《九隆神话》可以说是图腾神话的代表。
《九隆神话》载于东晋常璩《华阳国志》之《南中志》及南朝范晔《后汉书》之《南蛮西南夷列传》。
《华阳国志》的记载略有差异,沙壹作沙壶,九隆作元隆,又谓“沙壶将元隆居龙山下”,并有“元隆死,世世相继,分置小王,往往邑居,散在溪谷”。
据许嘉瑞考证:“九隆神话,本西北羌族神话,传于哀牢。而最初之哀牢夷,乃在西昌,本与永昌接近,及哀牢夷迁入永昌,其神话亦流入水昌”;“九隆神话,后经若干之转变,成为蒙氏之开国神话”;“段氏立国后,抄袭九隆沙壹神话,转变为段氏开国神话”。今西南汉藏语系藏缅语族各兄弟民族之祖先,均同源于先秦时期的氐羌系统,古老的《九隆神话》是各族先民共有的精神财富。
羌族的《白石神的故事》说,古时羌人与戈基人打仗失败,逃至一白石洞中躲藏,戈基人追至,洞口突然起了一层白雾,什么也看不见,因此救了羌人的命。直到今天,羌族人民的住房顶上仍然供奉有白石头神。这则神话显然是羌族人对自己祖先不畏强暴、艰苦创业精神的追忆,也反映了羌人的宗教信仰和自然崇拜的原始观念。独龙族的《嘎朋娶媳妇》描绘了五谷的来历、家畜的驯养和娶媳妇的来历。这些神话都是各民族祖先描绘的一幅幅引人入胜的历史画卷,展现了原始先民战斗、创造、生活的图景。先祖为了追求美好的生活,他们跋山涉水,上天入地,任何艰难险阻都动摇不了他们创世立业的决心。那些奇异热烈的场面曲折地反映了古代社会各民族祖先的生活风貌。珞巴族具有史诗性质的神话《斯金巴巴娜达明》反映了整个母系氏族公社时代生产力的发展水平和家庭形态,再现了母系氏族社会的图景。而《阿巴达尼》则反映了父系氏族公社时代的生活。纳酉族的《里底干木女神》反映了纳西族早期的“阿注”婚俗。这些神话内容十分丰富,也很有生活情趣,在描绘祖先创业的同时,又插入了一些优美动人的情节,是我们研究这些民族的历史、婚姻形态、宗教信仰和文化现象的宝贵资料。
在我国几个地区的少数民族神话中,以西南地区的篇章最为繁富多彩。以原始神话为例,多达数十种,在自然界万物的来源里,大多为垂死化身。化身之人或动物,其身上所有部位都化为自然界某种动植物或日月星辰山河湖泊,小到血管和头发都不例外。这样细微地描绘,其他地区的神话中是少有的。由于这一地区民族众多,其先民部落纷繁,各自驰骋想象,以致神话的角色及情节千奇百怪,充满了各种奇特的幻想。从风格上看,与东北、西北迥然不同,无论造天地或斗恶神,都没有草原文化圈那样激烈和惊天动地。比如大地造好之后,边缘不整齐,竟是靠蚂蚁去啃齐的。这种纤丽的风格,给人以深刻的印象。通观这些神话,可以感觉到青藏高原和云贵高原复杂地理条件的影响。青藏高原雪峰林立,有世界屋脊之称,其东部所形成的横断山脉,把大地切割成许多高山深谷,一山有四季,十里不同天,光种子植物就多达一万多种。云贵高原的石灰岩被雨水切割成崎岖而众多的山地,滇南则是热带风光。生活在这些复杂地形中的各族先民,生活条件和生活环境各不相同,正因如此,产生了多姿多彩的神话。
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