澳大利亚联邦(Commonwealth of Australia),简称澳大利亚或澳洲,是全球面积第6大国家,也是大洋洲最大的国家。澳大利亚所在的大陆是地球上最小的一块大陆,通常也被称为澳洲、澳洲大陆或澳大利亚大陆。东南方是新西兰、北方有巴布亚新几内亚、西巴布亚和东帝汶,印度尼西亚位于澳大利亚的西北方。“澳大利亚”一词来自拉丁语中的“terra australis incognita”(“未知的南方大陆”)。
澳大利亚全国有多种自然景观,其中包括迷人的热带雨林,被称为“红色中央”的干燥贫瘠的沙漠,白雪皑皑的山峰,绵羊遍野的牧场以及引人入胜的海滨,还有驰名遐迩的天然遗产大堡礁和乌卢鲁岭(原称艾尔斯岭)。
澳大利亚在5万年前就已经有人类的足迹,今天澳大利亚原住民的祖先在当时就从东南亚移居澳洲。从17世纪开始,西班牙、葡萄牙以及荷兰人、法国人到达此地,尤其是十七世纪末,英国人进入澳大利亚后,澳大利亚土著人对这片大陆长达5万年的占据宣告结束。1770年英国宣称拥有澳大利亚的主权,1788年1月26日,英国航海家阿瑟·菲利普率领首批移民在悉尼定居,并且在悉尼升起了英国国旗,澳大利亚正式成为英国的殖民地。而此后一段时间里,澳大利亚一度为英国的罪犯流放地(penal colony),直到1851年发现金矿后,自由移民激增。到19世纪末,英国先后在澳大利亚建立了6个殖民区。
1901年1月1日,澳大利亚各殖民区改为州,组成澳大利亚联邦,成为英帝国内的联邦或自治领。澳大利亚是一个君主立宪制国家,“澳大利亚君主”是国家元首。根据澳大利亚法律,英国的君主就是澳洲君主。1931年,澳大利亚获得内政外交独立自主权,成为英联邦内的独立国家。1986年,英国女王伊丽莎白二世在澳大利亚签署了《与澳大利亚关系法》,该法规定澳大利亚最高法院享有终审权,英国法律对澳大利亚不再有效。1999年澳大利亚举行全民公决是否要用共和体制来取代女王,最后结果是否定的。
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the world's smallest continent and a number of islands in the Southern, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and the French dependency of New Caledonia to the northeast, and New Zealand to the southeast.
The continent of Australia has been inhabited for more than 42,000 years by Indigenous Australians. After sporadic visits by fishermen from the north and by European explorers and merchants starting in the seventeenth century, the eastern half of the continent was claimed by the British in 1770 and officially settled through penal transportation as the colony of New South Wales on 26 January 1788. As the population grew and new areas were explored, another five largely self-governing Crown Colonies were successively established over the course of the nineteenth century.
On 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated and the Commonwealth of Australia was formed. Since federation, Australia has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system and remains a Commonwealth Realm. The capital city is Canberra, although the current national population of around 20.6 million is concentrated mainly in the large coastal cities of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and Adelaide.