引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话，两边用引号“ “标出，叫做直接引语；用自己的语言转述别人的话，不需要引号这叫做间接引语，实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句（其中由祈使句转换的间接引语除外，其转换后是不定式）。那么直接引语为陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和祈使句，转换为间接引语时，句子的结构，人称、时态、时间状语和地点状语等都要有变化，如何变化呢?
1、人称的转变
1）直接引语中的第一人称，一般转换为第三人称，如：
He said，“I am very sorry.” ——>He said that he was very sorry.
2）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对转述人说的，转换为第一人称，如：
“You should be more careful next time,” my father told me.——>
My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.
3）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对第三人称说的，转换成第三人称。如：
She said to her son, “I'll check your homework tonight.” ——>
She said to her son that she would check his homework that night.
4）人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等，如：
He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?” ——>
He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.
总之，人称的转换不是固定的，具体情况，具体对待，要符合逻辑。
2、时态的转换
直接引语改为间接引语时，主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时，从句（即间接引语部分）的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化，变成过去时范畴的各种时态（实际也是宾语从句的时态要求），变化如下：
直接引语 间接引语 直接引语 间接引语
一般现在时 一般过去时 一般过去时 过去完成时
现在进行时 过去进行时 过去完成时 过去完成时
现在完成时 过去完成时 过去进行时 过去进行时
一般将来时 过去将来时
例如：
“I am very glad to visit your school”, she said. ——>
She said she was very glad to visit our school.
Tom said, “We are listening to the pop music.” ——>
Tom said that they were listening to the pop music.
Mother asked, “Have you finished your homework before you watch TV?” ——>
Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.
He asked the conductor, “Where shall I get off to change to a No. 3 bus?” ——>
He asked the conductor where he would get off to change to a No. 3 bus.
“Why did she refuse to go there?” the teacher asked. ——>
The teacher asked why she had refused to go there.
Mother asked me, “Had you finished your homework before you watched TV?” ——>
Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.
Tom said, “We were having a football match this time yesterday.” ——>
Tom said that they were having a football match that time the day before.
He said，“I haven't heard from my parents these days.” ——>
He said that he hadn't heard from his parents those days.
3、直接引语变成间接引语时，从句时态无须改变的情况
1）当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候，如：
He always says, “I am tired out.” ——>He always says that he is tired out.
2）当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候，如：
He will say, “I’ll try my best to help you.” ——>He will say that he will try his best to help me.
3）当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时，如：
He said, “I went to college in 1994.” ——>He told us that he went to college in 1994.
4）当直接引语中有以when, while引导的从句，表示过去的时间时，如：
He said，“When I was a child, I usually played football after school.” ——>
He said that when he was a child, he usually played football after school.
5）当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时，如：
Our teacher said to us, “Light travels faster than sound.” ——>
Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.
6）当引语是谚语、格言时，如：
He said，“Practice makes perfect.” ——>He said that practice makes perfect.
7）当直接引语中有情态动词should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used to, need时，如：
例如：
The doctor said, “You'd better drink plenty of water.” ——>
The doctor said I'd better drink plenty of water.
He said, “She must be a teacher.”——> He said that she must be a teacher.
He said, “She ought to have arrived her office by now.”——>
He said that she ought to have arrived her office by then.
The teacher said, “You needn't hand in your compositions today.”——>
The teacher said we needn't/didn't need to/didn't have to hand in our compositions.
She asked, “Must I take the medicine?”——> She asked if she had to take the medicine.
〔注〕：此处用had to代替must更好
8）此外转述中的变化要因实际情况而定，不能机械照搬，如果当地转述，here不必改为there, 动词come不必改为go，如果当天转述yesterday, tomorrow, this afternoon等均不必改变。如：
Teacher: You may have the ball game this afternoon.
Student : What did the teacher say, Monitor?
Monitor: He said we might have the ball game this afternoon.
4、时间状语、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词变化
1）时间状语：
直接引语 间接引语 直接引语 间接引语
now then tomorrow the next（following）day
today that day next week the next（following）week（month, year）
yesterday the day before two days ago two days before
last week （month, year） the week（month, year）before this week that week（month, year）
2）指示代词：these 变成those
3）地点状语：here变成there
She said, “I won't come here any more.”——> She said that she wouldn’t go there any more..
4）动词：come变成go，bring变成take
5、直接引语变成间接引语，句子结构的变化
1）陈述句。用连词that引导，that在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可直用接引语中的said, 也可用told来代替，注意，可以说said that, said to sb. that, told sb. that，不可直接说told that, 如：
He said, “I have been to the Great Wall.” ——>He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall.
He said, “I'll give you an examination next Monday.”——>
He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.（不可说told that）
此外主句中的谓语还常有：
repeat, whisper, answer, reply, explain, announce, declare, think等，又如：
He said，“I'm late because of the heavy traffic.”——> He explained to us that he was late because of the heavy traffic.
如果间接引语是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列从句，第一个连词可以省略，以后的连词一般不省略，以免混乱。
The doctor said, “You are not seriously ill, You will be better soon.”——>
The doctor said（that）I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon.
2）直接引语为一般疑问句，（也称是否疑问句，）间接引语用连词whether或if引导，原主句中谓语动词said要改为asked（me/him/us等），语序是陈述句的语序，这一点非常重要。
He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation?”——>
He asked（me）whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.
He said, “You are interested in English, aren't you?”——>
He asked whether I was interested in English.
3） 直接引语为选择疑问句，间接引语用whether…or…表达，而不用if…or…，也不用either…or…. 如：
He asked, “Do you speak English or French?”——>
He asked me whether I spoke English or French..
I asked, “Will you take bus or take train?”——>
I asked him whether he would take bus or take train.
4）直接引语为特殊疑问句，改成间接引语时，原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词，主句的谓语动词用ask（sb.）来表达，语序改为陈述句语序。如：
He asked，“What's your name?”——> He asked（me）what my name was.
He asked us, “How many car factories have been built in your country?”——>
He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country.
5）直接引语为祈使句时，改为间接引语，用带to的不定式表达，谓语动词常是ask, advise, tell, warn, order, request等。如ask sb. to do，（由肯定祈使句变成）ask sb. not to do（由否定祈使句转变），并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化。如：
He said，“Be seated, please.”——> He asked us to be seated.
“Do be careful with your handwriting.” He said. ——>
He told me to be careful with my handwriting.
“Never come here again!” said the officer nearby. ——>
The officer ordered the villagers never to go there again.
“Don't touch anything in the lab without permission,” the teacher said. ——>
The teacher warned the students not to touch anything in the lab without permission.
6）有些含有“建议”——>、“劝告”——>的祈使句，可用suggest, insist, offer等动词转述，如：
He said, “Let's have a rest.”——> He suggested our having a rest.
He said, “Let me help you.”——> He offered to help me.
7）当直接引语形式上是疑问句，有表示请求，建议意义时，可用ask sb. to do sth. /suggest doing/advise sb. to do sth. 等形式转述。如：
“Would you mind opening the door?” he asked. ——>He asked me to open the door.
“Why not going out for a walk?” he asked us. ——>
He advised us to go out for a walk. 或He suggested we go out for a walk.
8）直接引语是感叹句时，变间接引语可用what或how引导，也可用that引导，如：
She said, “What a lovely day it is!”——> She said what a lovely day it was. 或She said that it was a lovely day.
直接引语和间接引语的转换
直接引语是直接引述别人的原话，原话要有引号。直接引语变间接引语实际上是转述他人的陈述、疑惑或问题，不用引号。间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。
一、注意动词的变化
一般说来，主句谓语动词常为said或said to，变为间接引语时，当直接引语是陈述句时，said变为said（that），而said to sb则变为told sb。当直接引语是一般疑问句和特殊疑问句时，则要变为asked/asked sb+if/whether或asked sb+what等特殊疑问词引导的句子。例如：
He said to me, “She is a nurse.”
→He told me she was a nurse.
He asked, “Can you come here?”
→He asked me whether/if I could go there.
二、注意人称的变化
由直接引语变间接引语时，从句的主语人称要遵循一主、二宾、三不变的原则。①直接引语的主语是第一人称变为间接引语时要和主句的主语保持一致。②如果直接引语的主语是第二人称变为间接引语时要与主句的宾语保持一致。③如果直接引语的主语是第三人称变为间接引语时，人称不变。例如：
She said to Jack, “How are you feeling now?”
→She asked Jack how he was feeling then.
“Have they tasted the mixture?” he asked.
→He asked if they had tasted the mixture.
三、注意动词时态的变化
1. 直接引语变为间接引语时，如果主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语从句的时态保持不变。例如：
【考例】Can you make sure ________ the gold ring?
（90全国）
A. where Alice had putB. where had Alice put
C. where Alice has putD. where has Alice put
【解析】首先考虑的是间接引语部分需使用陈述词序，故排除B和D。其次考虑的是时态问题。因为主句使用了一般现在时，如果选择A，使用过去完成时，在这个句子并没有过去时间作参照点，因此不能使用过去完成时。故选C。
2. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时，从句的时态则应是与主句时态相应的过去时态。例如：
【考例】—Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.
—Oh! I thought they ________ without me.（05江西卷）
A. wentB. are goingC. have goneD. had gone
【解析】thought原以为。用过去完成时表示在thought之前发生的动作。“我以为他们已经走了”。因为thought用了过去时，从句用相应的过去时态，故选D。
3. 直接引语如果是客观事实或真理，变为间接引语时，从句时态不变。例如：
My teacher said, “Still water runs deep.”
→My teacher told us that still water runs deep.
四、注意状语的变化
直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规律，时间状语由“现在”改为“先前”（例：now变为then，yesterday变为the day before）地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”（例：this改为that）。例如：
Tom said, “My sister was here a week ago, but she is not here now.”
→Tom said that his sister had been there a week before, but she was not there then.
五、注意句型的变化
1. 直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。例如：
He said, “I am looking forward to seeing Lily.”
→He told me that he was looking forward to seeing Lily.
2. 直接引语如果是反意疑问句、选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句。例如：
【考例】I want to know ________ the thief was caught on the spot.
（’50上海春）
A. whichB. thatC. whatD. whether
【解析】句意：我想知道小偷是否被当场抓获了。因为后面表述的是一个疑问，故选D。
3. 直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。例如：
Kate asked me, “When do they get together?”
→Kate asked me when they got together.
4. 感叹句的间接引语，其语序不变。例如：
【考例】I was surprised by her words, which made me recognize _________ silly mistakes I had made.（’05湖南卷）
A. whatB. thatC. howD. which
【解析】本题考查的是感叹句用作间接引语。what用来修饰名词，how用来修饰形容词或副词，mistake是名词，要用what引导。故选A。
5. 直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为“tell(ask, order, beg等)sb (not) to do sth”句型。例如：
【考例】The patient was warned _______ oily food after the operation.
（’96NMET）
A. to eat notB. eating notC. not to eatD. not eating
【解析】认真分析语境逻辑可推断出原直接引语为The doctor said to the patient. “Don’t eat oily food after the operation.”该句为命令型直接引语，其间接引语应使用tell/ask/order/warn sb (not/ever) to do sth句型。故选C。
6. 直接引语如果是以“Let’s”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest+动名词（或从句）”。例如：
She said, “Let’s go to visit Granny Wang.”
→She suggested going to visit Granny Wang.
或She suggested that they should go to visit Granny Wang.
He said, " I like it."
他说：“我喜欢它。”
你变成汉语直接引语，就是“他说他喜欢它。”对吧
这个英语里面也一样，1.变间接首先把相关的代词改掉，如句中的I 先改为he
2.然后英语还要注意时态，因为前面是过去时，所以相应后面的like也该改为liked
（3.然后由于英语中疑问句要倒状而从句中不用，间接引语是宾语从句，所以词序还要颠倒回来，如下面ask例子，where can he改为where he can）
就这三个步骤，陈述句步骤1和2即可，疑问句三步
最后是He said that he liked it.
其它类似粒子
He told me, "I like it."
变成He told me he liked it.
He asked me, "Where can I buy a cup?"
变成He asked me where he could buy a cup.
1.Great
changes
have
taken
place
in
my
hometown
2.In
memory
of
that
day,we
have
a
party
3.He
is
in
white
skirt,dressed
up
as
a
doctor
4.Never
play
a
trick
on
that
disabled
man.
5.I'm
looking
forward
to
meeting
you
here.
I
look
forward
to
hearing
from
you.我期待着收到你的来信。（写作文或写信时经常用的）
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