【高中化学】晶体的硬度和熔点都与什么有关?

什么影响晶体的硬度和熔点?键?与原子结构有什么关系?
2025-01-25 04:23:35
推荐回答(4个)
回答1:

影响晶体硬度和熔点的主要是晶格能U(lattice energy)

一般晶格能越大,硬度和熔点也越高

影响晶格能的主要因素是正负离子间的距离和离子电荷数

正负离子间距离越小,电荷数越高,相应的晶格能也越大

晶格能的计算常采用伯恩-哈伯循环法(the Born-Haber cycle)

详细内容请参照《普通化学原理》第三版,北京大学出版社,p270-272

回答2:

除了和晶体中的化学键有关外,另一个主要因素就是晶体的缺陷问题。完美的晶体硬度和熔点都高,有缺陷的晶体硬度和熔点会降低。
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楼上的晶格能的概念只适用于离子型晶体。

回答3:

分子晶体 :摩尔质量(大多数的) 或氢键 (h2o ch4 nh3)
金属晶体:共价键强弱 又和 金属离子的半径很所带电荷
离子晶体:共价键强弱(长短0

回答4:

不同的晶体类型不一样

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