关于英语的问题

some ;一些
any ；任何
many许多（可数）
much许多（不可数）
a lot of. lots of许多（既可数又不可数）
a little一点点little几乎没有（不可数）
bit.a bit一点儿（不可数）
a few一点点,few几乎没有（可数）

a few /few +名词复数，a little /little +不可数名词，a few /a little 表肯定，（一点/一些）， few / little 表否定（几乎没有） a little +不可数名词= a bit of + 不可数名词，a little +形容词=a bit +形容词

few, a few, little, a little
虽然都表示“少”，但
（1）few, a few是可数的, little, a little是不可数的。
（2）a few, a little含肯定意味，few, little含否定意味。这里所谓的“肯定意味”和“否定意味”应该这样来理解：同样是半杯水，口渴者会认为：There is little water in the glass. 而不口渴的人则会认为：There is a little water in the glass.

一：
1．few修饰可数名词复数。
2．few (= not many; hardly any)含否定意义；a few (= some; several; a small
number of) 含肯定意义。
3． not a few = no few = quite a few = a good few = many。
4． 当 few受 every, last, past, next, some, very等词所修饰时，表示肯定意义，few之前不再有冠词。如：
In the last few minutes, he checked up his paper again.
It took us some few days to repair the machine.
They are very few in number.
There were too few of them.
He goes to see his grandma every few weeks.
5． 在非正式文体中很少见，一般用或代替，如：
Only a few people attended the meeting.

另外，little / a little
Little remains to be done about it. (作主语)
A little remains to be done.
Please give me a little. (作宾语)
He knows a little of everything.
There is very / but little time left. (作定语)
Don’t worry; you still have a little time.
1． little修饰不可数名词，表示“量”。
2． little含否定意义(反义词：much)；a little含肯定意义(反义词：none)。
3． 在非正式英语中，一般很少用little，常用not much, only a little来代替，如：
We haven’t got much money / time.

a bit和a little都作"一点儿"讲,但用法不同。

1)a bit和a little在肯定句中修饰动词、形容词、副词和比较级时可以互换,表示"一点儿"的意思。例如:
The speaker spoke up a bit/a little so as to make himself heard more clearly.
演讲者把嗓门提高了一点儿,以便使别人听得更清楚。

2)a bit和a little在否定句中的意思恰恰相反,not a bit相当于"not at all"(一点儿都不);not a little相当于"very(much)"或"extremely"(很、非常)。例如:
She is not a bit tired.(=She is not tired at all.)她一点都不累。

3)a little可以直接作定语修饰名词,而a bit则要在后面加of构成短语才能作定语,两者都只能修饰不可数名词。例如:

There is a little/a bit of food left for lunch.

午饭只能吃剩下的一点食品了。

4)a bit of的另一种形式是bits of,a little则没有这种变体。例如:Besides this,he used part of an old army wireless set,and some bits of wood.除此之外,他还利用了一部分旧的军用无线电发报机的一部分零件和一些木片。

few, little, a few, a little

(a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词
a few / a little 为肯定含义，还有一点
few / little 为否定含义，没有多少了。
He has a few friends. 他有几个朋友。
He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。
We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。
There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。

典型例题:
Although he 's wealthy，he spends___ on clothes.
A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
答案： A. spend所指的是钱，不可数，只能用little或 a little. 本句为although引导的让步状语从句，由句意知后句为否定含义，因此应用little表示几乎不。

固定搭配:
only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many)
many a (=many)
Many books were sold.
Many a book was sold.

a bit 有点儿，一点儿，相当。如：
The coat costs a bit too much. 这外套太贵了一点。
I tried to encourage him a bit. 我设法给了他一点鼓励。
She is a bit like my sister. 她有点像我姐姐。

注：a bit 可用于修饰形容词、副词、动词、介词短语等。在肯定句中它与 a little 大致同义。如：
He’s feeling a bit [a little] better. 他感觉好些了。
但是在否定句中，a bit 与 a little 区别很大。如：
I’m not a bit tired. 我一点也不累。
I’m not a little tired. 我很累。

a bit of
(1) 一点儿，有点儿。如：
He knows a bit of Russian. 他懂点儿法语。
She’s just out to do a bit of shopping. 她刚刚出去买点儿东西。
(2) 有点儿像，多少有几分……。如：
He is a bit of a poet. 他多少有点儿像诗人。
He is a bit of a coward. 他多少有几分怯懦。
3) 微不足道的。如：
We’re having a bit of a party next week. 下个星期我们准备请几个客人小聚一次。
(4) 相当数量的，相当规模的，有一定困难的。如：
The humor of it takes a bit of finding. 这其中的幽默非仔细体会不可。
This new system takes a bit of getting used to. 这个新的制度要(人们)适应有一定困难。

a lot of,lots of用法相同。
a lot of = lots of 意为"许多，很多"，既可以用来修饰复数形式的可数名词，又可以用来修饰不可数名词，只用于肯定句中。如：

There are lots of (a lot of ) birds in the tree. 树上有许多鸟。
There is a lot of (lots of ) milk in the glass. 玻璃杯里有许多牛奶。

lots of后者通常用于口语。

some和any
some用在肯定句，I bought some books yesterday.
any用在疑问句和否定句, I don't have any books. Do you have any books?
另外，some有某个的意思，如some day 某天
any还有任何的意思，这时any在肯定、疑问和否定句中都可用。如I will help any of you.

much和many
much修饰不可数名词，如I don't have much money.
many修饰可数名词，如many books, many people……
是的some any都可以不可数的词连用，句子中的单复数自然根据后面接的词语和句意来定了.你意义上的is are 分别表示单复数吧?
much\many 只能分别跟不可数和可数连用,但有特殊情况的.如

I do not have （much） friends here.

many 用于肯定句
much 用于否定句
虽然much修饰不可数名字,但这里确修饰了friends,是因为有否定的含义.

另外你可以搜索学习语法的网站，希望对你有帮助！

这是我根据理解自己写出来的：
1.some (1)“一些”，代词或形容词，做形容词时可修饰可数或不可数名词，如：some books, some water. (2)常用于肯定句中。如：There are some books on the desk.

2.any意思与some一样，做形容词时可修饰可数或不可数名词。如any books,any water.(2)常用于否定和疑问句中。如：Are there any books on the desk?

3.many与much “许多”，两者意思一样，不同的是，many只修饰可数名词，much只修饰不可数名词。如：many books,much water等

4.a lot of. lots of 两个可互换，“许多”，既可修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词。如：a lot of/lots of books,a lot of/lots of time.等

5.a little与a few意思相同，“一些”“一点”。不同的是a little修饰不可数名词，a few修饰可数名词。如：a little money, a few days等

6.little与few意思相同，“几乎没。。。”“没几个”。不同的是little修饰不可数名词，few修饰可数名词。要注意，它们含有否定的意思。如：There is little water in the bottle.(瓶里几乎没水)

7.a bit与a little，都是“一点儿”的意思，修饰形容词或副词时可互换。如a little/a bit tired.但修饰名词（只限不可数名词）时，要在a bit加of,而a little不需要。如：a bit of water=a little water.

8,至于bit，它不单独使用，不说也罢。

much,many,表示很多,前者用于形容词比较级及不可数名词,后者用于修饰可数名词;例:
It's much easier now; There're much water in the tank; I have many books;

some, any,表示一些,前者用于肯定陈述及委婉请求,后者用于否定句及一般疑问句;例:
I have some books; Would you like some coffee? I don't have any books; Is there any coffee in your cup?

a lot of、lots of, 相当于much,more的化身,但仅用于修饰名词,当后面接形容词比较级时,应为a lot;例:
There is a lot of water in the tank; There'are a lot of books in my room; I'm a lot better now, thanks.

more, 为much和many的比较级,后接名词(可数或不可数均可),或形容词;例:
I have more books than him. I have more coffee than him; The book is more expensive.

a little, a few就没什么好说了吧,"一些",分别接不可数、形容词和可数名词~例:
I have a little money; I'm a little hungry； I have a few books。

little,few指很少，几乎没有
There is little milk in the fridge,please go and buy some.

a bit一点，可修饰物 a bit of bread/advice
可修饰形容词 not a bit tired

some 可数 肯定
any 可数或不可数，否定或疑问
many 可数
much不可数
a lot of=lots of 可数或不可数
.a little 一点 不可数
little 没有 不可数
a bit 一些 可数或不可数
没有单独用bit
a few 一点 可数
few 没有 可数
O(∩_∩)O~